Public Space Design and Social Cohesion: An Illustrative Comparative Framework for Two Urban Districts

Abstract

Background: Evidence linking public space design to social cohesion remains fragmented, with limited integration of spatial configuration, design quality, and perceived social cohesion. Objective: This study proposes an entropy-weighted Public Space Design Quality Index (PSDQI) and an integrated framework examining relationships among design quality, spatial integration, socioeconomic diversity, and perceived social cohesion (PSCI). Methods: A cross-sectional comparative framework was demonstrated using an illustrative dataset of 40 public spaces and 240 respondent records across two contrasting district profiles. Six design indicators were weighted using entropy analysis, spatial integration was assessed through space syntax, and PSCI was measured across four dimensions. All calculations were illustrative rather than derived from verified field observations. Results: The illustrative PSDQI scores differed between districts (0.68 versus 0.41; d = 2.76), as did PSCI scores (3.92 versus 3.35; d = 0.99). Regression coefficients were positive for design quality (β = 0.34), spatial integration (β = 0.21), and the interaction between design quality and socioeconomic diversity (β = 0.15). These findings demonstrate analytical procedures without establishing causal relationships or population-level estimates. Conclusion: The proposed framework integrates objectively weighted design indicators, spatial configuration, and multidimensional social cohesion within a comparative analytical approach. Entropy weights represent indicator variability rather than theoretical importance. Empirical validation requires transparent sampling, standardized measurements, appropriate clustered-data inference, ethical compliance, and traceable primary data.