Sugarcane bagasse ash in cementitious systems: A review of fresh, mechanical, and durability properties

Abstract

Currently, research is being conducted to investigate the potential of industrial and agricultural waste as raw materials in the construction industry. Integrating such materials into concrete diminishes cement consumption and CO2 emissions from cement manufacturing. Sugarcane bagasse is a by-product of the sugar extraction process, and a significant portion of it is used as boiler fuel for electricity generation. This process releases a considerable amount of waste sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), which is frequently disposed of in the environment. Incorporating this waste can be both cost-effective and ecologically advantageous, fostering sustainable development.  This review critically synthesizes published studies on the physical and chemical characteristics of SCBA, fresh-state behaviour, mechanical properties, durability indicators, and CO2 reduction potential in cementitious materials, including mortar and concrete. Particular attention is given to the effects of ash processing, fineness, silica content, burning condition, and loss on ignition on reported performance. The reviewed evidence indicates that low-to-moderate SCBA contents can enhance compressive and split tensile strength, while durability improvements are commonly reflected in reduced water absorption, lower capillary absorption and chloride penetration, and higher electrical resistivity. The literature indicates that mechanical performance is most frequently optimized at about 10-15% replacement, whereas durability benefits are often reported within a broader range of 10-30%, depending on matrix type and ash quality. The findings also show that the environmental benefit of SCBA depends on processing intensity and transport burden. Overall, SCBA emerges as a promising but process-sensitive supplementary cementitious material for sustainable concrete production.