Maize-mustard (2M) Cropping System for Sustainable Agri-business: A Study on Shifting of Crop Preference from Paddy to Maize in Assam with Special Reference to Darrang District

Abstract

Background: An integrated maize-mustard model explains an economically viable and socially adaptable framework for long-term agricultural sustainability. The paper examines the macro- and micro-level dynamics of the changing crop calendar and explores its linkage with the scope for value addition and opportunities for increasing income for both the farm and the livestock sector. Integration strengthens linkages with the livestock sector, as maize serves as a major energy component in animal feed while oilseed by-products provide valuable protein supplements. However, successful agri-business development depends not only on production but also on key decision variables such as price volatility, quality management and supply chain stability. In this study, the entire agricultural ecosystem is considered. To accurately understand supply-side behaviour, the analysis goes beyond a five-year historical trend to actively evaluate current market data and post-harvest quality constraints. Methods: Quantitative data analysis was employed to examine trends in production and yield over the period 2020-21 to 2024-25, using regression and correlation techniques to identify patterns and relationships among key variables. At the macro level, the study analysed changes in production patterns across Assam. At the district level, it further assessed the scope for implementing the proposed model in Darrang district, focusing on its applicability and potential impact. Secondary data on production were collected from the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Data on price volatility and quality indicators were sourced from National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Limited and AGMARKNET (including MSP data). Result: A gradual structural shift in the cropping pattern is seen, where maize is increasingly replacing paddy in the local cropping calendar of Assam. Regression analysis confirms this trend, with the coefficient for year (17.871) indicating that the area under maize cultivation increases by approximately 17.87 units annually, showing a statistically significant upward trend (p = 0.035). The study also highlights the growing importance of oilseeds in Assam, where production increased by 30.4% along with a 22% improvement in yield during the study period. Increasing minimum support price (MSP) incentives and rising market demand are encouraging farmers to diversify toward maize and oilseeds. The study concludes that strengthening value addition, improving market linkages and integrating feed-based livestock systems with maize and oilseed production can significantly enhance farmers’ income and support sustainable agricultural livelihoods in the region.