Annotated checklist of phytophagous Hemiptera associated with gymnosperms in the Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan

Abstract

Gymnosperm plants (conifers and ephedroid plants) support a specialised insect fauna that includes numerous phytophagous species of ecological and economic importance. Despite this, the insect herbivores associated with gymnosperms have remained poorly documented in the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan. Here, we present the first comprehensive checklist of phytophagous insects recorded from gymnosperms (Pinaceae, Cupressaceae and Ephedraceae) in the Fergana Valley, based on original field surveys conducted between 2019 and 2025 and a critical review of published records. In total, 32 species belonging to 12 families and 24 genera were recorded. Evidence of host use allowed separation into 22 confirmed gymnosperm phytophages (68.75%) and 10 incidental or secondary associates (31.25%). The fauna is dominated by Sternorrhyncha (Aphididae, Adelgidae and Coccoidea), particularly conifer‑feeding Lachninae (Cinara, Eulachnus), while several Heteroptera and Auchenorrhyncha were mainly opportunistic. Notable new valley records supported by voucher specimens include Eulachnus mingazzinii, Parthenolecanium fletcheri, Leptoglossus occidentalis and Stictocephala bisonia. New material also confirms stable regional populations of recently detected taxa (e.g., Pineus strobi, Cinara palaestinensis and C. pinimaritimae). Several Ephedra‑associated armored scales are retained under open nomenclature, highlighting priorities for integrative taxonomic work. This checklist establishes the first consolidated baseline for gymnosperm‑associated Hemiptera in the Fergana Valley and provides a foundation for biodiversity assessment, invasion monitoring and applied management of conifer plantings in Central Asia.