THE EFFECTS OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON MUSCLE AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS: A REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Abstract

Background; Aging is associated with a progressive decline in muscle mass and muscle strength, which significantly affects physical performance and quality of life in older adults. The aging process may also contribute to the deterioration of cognitive function. Creatine supplementation has been proposed as a potential intervention to support muscle and cognitive function in older adults. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle mass, muscle strength, and cognitive function in older adults. Methods: A review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted using the PubMed database. The literature search was performed in May 2026 and included studies published between 2000 and 2026. Studies involving adults aged ≥60 years who received creatine supplementation either alone or in combination with resistance training were included in the analysis. Results: Based on 13 randomized controlled trials, creatine supplementation was shown to increase muscle strength, lean body mass, and overall muscle function in older adults. The greatest benefits were observed when creatine supplementation was combined with regular resistance training. Evidence regarding cognitive function remains inconclusive, although some studies reported potential benefits in selected cognitive domains. Conclusion: Creatine supplementation, particularly when combined with resistance training, may represent an effective strategy for improving muscle mass and strength in older adults. Although evidence regarding cognitive outcomes remains inconclusive, some findings suggest potential benefits for cognitive function. Further RCTs are needed to clarify these effects.