Concurrence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy often involving cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system. Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) encompasses immune-mediated inflammatory brain disorders. The co-occurrence of GBS and AE is rare. Case Presentation: We present a case of seizure onset followed by progressive limb weakness, autonomic dysfunction, behavioral changes, and impaired consciousness. Cerebrospinal fluid showed albuminocytological dissociation, and electromyography revealed combined motor axonal and demyelinating features. Diagnosed with GBS and AE, the patient deteriorated requiring intubation, but improved significantly after Protein A immunoadsorption, steroid pulse therapy, and anti-infective treatment, successfully weaning from ventilation with regained muscle strength and mental function. Conclusion: In severe GBS with overlapping AE, timely immunoadsorption can achieve favorable prognosis.