Reading Seismic-Related Structural Irregularities from the Facade Characteristics of Traditional Safranbolu Houses

Abstract

Traditional timber-framed houses in Safranbolu, a UNESCO World Heritage site in a seismically active region, exhibit diverse facade characteristics that reflect historical construction techniques, cultural practices, and material choices. Over time, these structures have been affected by natural aging, user interventions, abandonment, and environmental hazards, including earthquakes. Evaluating their seismic behavior in advance is crucial for preservation and risk mitigation. This study employs a facade-based coding approach to systematically document structural elements, irregularities, and material conditions of selected traditional houses. The coding considers the continuity of vertical and horizontal load-bearing elements, the presence of diagonal members, and infill material conditions. Based on these parameters, the occurrence and distribution of facade irregularities are systematically evaluated. The results provide insights into facade-related structural irregularities that may influence seismic behavior, highlight the importance of facade configuration in seismic performance, and demonstrate a rapid, non-invasive method for preliminary assessment of heritage buildings.