Theoretical review of factors hindering the digital revolution in Africa

Abstract

The article explores the contradictory nature of the digital revolution in Africa and identifies key factors that hinder digitalization at the level of infrastructure, institutions, human capital, and the socio-economic environment. The goal of the study is to systematize the barriers to digital transformation in African countries and determine the conditions under which digital technologies can become an instrument for inclusive development rather than exacerbating inequality. The research methodology includes a comparative analysis of scientific literature, an institutional approach, elements of political economy analysis, and a synthesis of data from international organizations on internet access, digital skills, investments, and the platform economy. It has been established that, despite the rapid spread of mobile communication, fintech, and digital platforms, the pace of digitalization is limited by the poor quality of energy and telecommunications infrastructure, the high cost of the internet, regulatory fragmentation, dependence on external technological ecosystems, a shortage of qualified personnel, and pronounced territorial, gender, and income-based digital inequality. The practical significance of the results lies in their potential application in the development of public policies in the areas of digital transformation, education, and regional integration. Further research prospects include evaluating the effectiveness of national digital strategies and conducting a comparative analysis of successful African cases.