Frequency of Risk Factors for Presenile Cataract Among Patients Aged 30–50: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shafa Hospital, Kerman (2024–2025)

Abstract

Objective This study aimed to determine the frequency and profile of key risk factors for presenile cataract among patients aged 30 to 50 years in Kerman, Iran, a region characterized by high solar exposure and specific socio-behavioral patterns. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 at the Ophthalmology Department of Shafa Hospital. A census sampling method enrolled 245 patients (468 eyes) requiring cataract surgery. Data on demographic, occupational, systemic, and behavioral factors were collected using a structured registration form. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and ANOVA. Results The study included 127 (51.84%) male participants with a mean age of 44.42 years (SD 5.78). Posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataract was the most common type, affecting 55.51% of patients. A significant number of patients worked in outdoor or high-exposure occupations, with 50.61% being farmers or drivers. Key risk factors included diabetes (20.82%), opioid use (34.69%), and corticosteroid use. Age significantly influenced cataract type in both eyes (right: P < 0.001; left: P = 0.01). A significant relationship was also found between gender and cataract type, but only in the left eye (P = 0.013). Conclusion Presenile cataract in this population results from multiple factors, strongly linked to modifiable environmental and behavioral risks. Occupational UV exposure, opioid addiction, and systemic diseases such as diabetes are major contributors. The notable difference in gender association indicates a potential influence from local external factors. Public health strategies should focus on protecting workers’ eyes, controlling substance abuse, and managing systemic conditions to reduce the burden of presenile cataract.