Experimental Models of Kidney Injury and Their Nephroprotective Interventions

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are two kidney disorders that are on the rise globally and continue to be significant sources of morbidity and mortality. The onset and course of renal impairment are significantly influenced by drug-induced nephrotoxicity, especially in hospitalized and critically sick patients. Experimental For this reason, models are necessary for understanding disease mechanisms and for evaluating potential nephroprotective therapies. Several in vivo models, including ischemia–reperfusion injury, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, and chemically induced renal damage, are commonly employed to simulate clinical kidney disorders. These models enable the assessment of oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, and kidney function, and structural alterations in renal tissue. In recent years, medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents have attracted considerable attention due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. Evidence from experimental studies suggests that plant-based interventions may offer protective benefits against renal injury. This review summarizes commonly used experimental models of kidney damage and highlights their application in the evaluation of nephroprotective agents, with particular emphasis on medicinal plants and their relevance in preclinical research.