Impacto de las Intervenciones Nutricionales en el Control Metabólico en Pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2: Una Revisión Sistemática
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the major public health challenges worldwide due to its high prevalence, chronic progression, and association with complications that increase morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. In this context, metabolic control is a central goal of therapeutic management, with nutritional interventions being a key and potentially modifiable component of comprehensive treatment. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the impact of nutritional interventions on metabolic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodologically, a systematic review was conducted following the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. The literature search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Redalyc databases, including studies published between 2020 and 2025 in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. Fifteen scientific articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected, including clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that evaluated indicators such as glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, lipid profile, and body mass index. The results show that structured nutritional interventions, especially those based on healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, low-carbohydrate diets, plant-based approaches, and calorie restriction programs, produce significant improvements in metabolic control. Furthermore, it was identified that the personalization of nutritional therapy, adherence, nutrition education, and professional support are key factors in the magnitude and sustainability of the observed effects. In conclusion, nutritional interventions constitute an essential therapeutic pillar for metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, their effectiveness depends on comprehensive, sustained implementation adapted to the clinical and sociocultural context of the patients.