Prevalence and Determinants of Antepartum Depression among Antenatal Women in a Tertiary Hospital: A Cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: Antepartum depression (APD) is a significant public health concern affecting maternal well-being, pregnancy outcomes, and child development. In India, APD remains under-recognized despite its high prevalence. Identifying its burden and determinants is essential for strengthening maternal mental health services. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 antenatal mothers attending outpatient and inpatient departments from February to May 2025. Sample size was calculated using prevalence from a South Indian study. Data were collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. APD was assessed using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) with a cut-off score ≥13. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Bivariate analysis employed Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, followed by logistic regression for variables with p<0.20. Results: Among the 210 participants, 84 (40.0%) were screened positive for Antepartum depressive symptoms. Maternal education, husband’s occupation, gestational age, social support, and consanguinity showed significant associations. Multivariable analysis identified low/moderate social support (AOR=2.63), gestational age <32 weeks (AOR=3.21), husband’s non-professional occupation (AOR=4.48), and consanguinity (AOR=2.91) factors independently associated with screening-positive antepartum depressive symptoms. Conclusions: APD is highly prevalent, driven largely by psychosocial and socioeconomic factors. Routine EPDS screening and integration of mental health services into antenatal care are strongly recommended. Clinical Significance: Routine screening for antepartum depression using EPDS and identification of high-risk groups such as women with poor social support and socioeconomic stress can improve early detection and management, thereby enhancing maternal and fetal outcomes.