Prevalence and Predictors of Suicide Ideation, Depression, and Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress in Iraqi Adolescents: A Secondary School-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Adolescent mental health difficulties represent a significant public health concern. This study aimed to identify prevalence rates and predictors of suicide ideation, depressive symptoms, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Iraqi adolescents. A cross-sectional quantitative survey design was used. A total of 469 adolescents aged 12–20 years (M = 16.25) participated across eight high schools in Baghdad. Multiple regression models were used to examine predictors. Mean depressive (M = 12.99) and PTSD (M = 30.98) symptom scores were in the ‘moderate’ range, with the majority of participants scoring in the ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ range (73.1% and 75.5%, depressive and PTSD symptoms, respectively). A total of 12.6% of young people scored in the ‘high risk’ range for suicidal behavior. Females reported higher depressive symptoms and higher PTSD symptoms. Older age was negatively associated with suicide ideation but positively associated with PTSD symptoms. Quality of life emerged as the strongest and most consistent predictor across all models. Hopelessness predicted suicide ideation, while PTSD symptoms predicted depression. In summary, adolescents were experiencing clinically elevated rates of depressive and PTSD symptoms on average. A significant minority were also experiencing suicidal thoughts. Interventions that enhance functioning, reduce hopelessness, and incorporate trauma-informed approaches may be effective targets for prevention and early intervention.