What is the Empirical Foundation for Theorizing the Brazilian South-South Cooperation? A Scoping Review

Abstract

Abstract Brazilian South-South Cooperation (BSSC) has been the subject of intensive research, but no systematic review has been carried out so far. Current literature fails to answer key questions: How has the research agenda on BSSC evolved? Which methods were used? What evidence supports the analytical frameworks? Are studies or cases comparable? Based on Arksey and O’Maley, this paper maps the conceptual structure of scholarly debate, identifies research gaps, and clarifies research methods and empirical foundation. Conclusions point to a sustained decline in scientific output, unreliable empirical foundation, problematic theorizing, and limited collaboration, reinforcing the need for a common research agenda.