An appraisal of ethnic dynamics of insurgency in the north-east: A threat to Nigeria’s unity and cohesion

Abstract

The persistence of insurgency in Nigeria’s North-East has continued to pose a serious threat to national unity, security, and socio-political stability of the state. This study appraises the ethnic dynamics underlying the insurgency in the North-East, with particular attention to how ethnic identities, marginalization, and inter-group relations have shaped both the emergence and escalation of violent extremism in the region. The paper argues that while the insurgency, largely associated with Boko Haram and its splinter groups is often framed primarily in religious or ideological terms, ethnic factors such as historical grievances, socio-economic exclusion, weak state presence, and competition over political and economic resources have significantly influenced its trajectory. Using qualitative analysis of secondary data drawn from academic literature, government reports, and policy documents, the study examines how ethnic tensions have deepened mistrust among communities and weakened national cohesion. The findings reveal that the manipulation of ethnic sentiments, combined with poor governance and unequal development, has undermined Nigeria’s efforts at nation-building and intensified centrifugal forces threatening unity. The paper concludes that addressing the insurgency requires not only military responses but also inclusive governance, equitable development, and policies that promote inter-ethnic dialogue and social cohesion. Such an approach is critical to safeguarding Nigeria’s unity and fostering sustainable peace in the North-East.