Public Private Partnerships and Housing Service Delivery: A Comparative Analysis of Financing and Implementation in Rivers State and Lagos State
Abstract
The study examined financing and implementation processes of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in housing service delivery in Rivers State and Lagos State between 2015 and 2025. The study adopted new institutional theory and a survey design and covered a population of 24,391,373 residents. A sample of 400 was determined using Taro Yamane’s formula at 5% and distributed between the two states. Multi-stage stratified sampling was used to select respondents, while data were collected through a structured closed-ended questionnaire. Face and content validity were established, and reliability was confirmed through test-retest procedures, yielding Cronbach’s Alpha and Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.892 and 0.873, respectively. Of the 400 questionnaires distributed, 390 were completed and retrieved, representing a 97.5% response rate. Data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, weighted means, and standard deviations. The findings revealed that financial structures enhanced PPP housing service delivery, with a grand mean of 2.98 (SD = 0.94). Lagos State demonstrated stronger private-sector investment, financial incentives, and funding arrangements than Rivers State. The findings also showed that PPP implementation processes enhanced housing service delivery, with a grand mean of 2.98 (SD = 0.93). Lagos State recorded stronger project execution, monitoring, supervision, and adherence to implementation standards. The study concluded sustainable financial structures and sound implementation processes were essential to successful PPP housing service delivery, with Lagos State demonstrating better performance. The study recommended comparative long term housing finance, private-sector participation, financial incentives, project planning, monitoring and evaluation, transparent procurement, and consistent adherence to implementation timelines for both states.