Efficacy, Moderators, and Emerging Applications of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Adolescents: A Literature Synthesis

Abstract

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) serves as a primary evidence-based psychotherapeutic framework for youth, exhibiting variable strength across clinical presentations. Current literature confirms that CBT yields its strongest empirical support for adolescent anxiety disorders and broader internalizing symptoms, moderate effectiveness for depressive disorders, and limited direct efficacy for suicidality-specific outcomes. Contextual factors—including implementation settings, therapist competence, digital delivery formats, caregiver involvement, and cultural adaptations—significantly moderate therapeutic success. Emerging literature highlights expanding applications for academic and non-clinical youth challenges, though further dismantling studies and trials targeting non-responders remain critical.