FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF SEMANTIC PHENOMENA IN THE METALLURGICAL TERMINOLOGY OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK

Abstract

This article comparatively examines the functional and semantic features of synonymy, polysemy, antonymy, metaphorical and metonymic transfer, semantic specialization, semantic extension and narrowing, and borrowing in the metallurgical terminology of English and Uzbek. The study aims to identify similarities and differences between the two terminological systems on the basis of the relationships among form, concept, semantic relations, and contextual realization. Descriptive, comparative-typological, semantic, componential, functional-semantic, and terminographic approaches are employed. The analysis is grounded in the object–concept–definition–designation relations established in ISO 704:2022. The findings indicate that synonymy is associated with alternative designations of the same or closely related concepts; polysemy involves several semantically related meanings expressed by one lexical form; and terminological specialization results from the acquisition of a domain-specific meaning by a general-language unit. The comparison also demonstrates that semantic asymmetry between English and Uzbek metallurgical terminology is related to borrowing, calquing, derivation, contextual specialization, and differences in terminological structure. Examples such as casting, charge, melt, ore, slag, grain, furnace, and their Uzbek equivalents illustrate the role of context in establishing terminological meaning. The results may contribute to terminology studies, technical translation, terminography, and professional communication in the metallurgical field.