Complex Network Analysis of Urban Road Systems: A Case Study of Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

Abstract

Urban road networks can be examined as complex systems in which the arrangement of intersections and road segments determines how different parts of a city are connected. The Bandar Lampung road network is treated as a directed graph derived from OpenStreetMap data. The largest weakly connected component contains 23,920 nodes and 58,492 directed edges, with a density of 0.000102 and an average total directed degree of 4.89. Most nodes have low to moderate degree, whereas only a small subset has markedly more direct connections. High-betweenness nodes occur repeatedly along several major corridors, notably Jalan Bypass Sukarno Hatta and Jalan Gatot Soebroto. PageRank gives a less corridor-dominated pattern, with highly ranked locations on both arterial and local streets. The difference is expected because the measures capture different structural roles: direct connectivity, position on shortest paths, and influence transmitted through neighboring nodes. Taking together, the results provide a topological baseline for Bandar Lampung and identify locations that can be examined further using traffic volume, travel time, road capacity, weighted networks, and other operational data.