Zn Powder Anodes for High-Utilization Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: Interfacial Reaction Selectivity, Coupled Failure Mechanisms, and Electrode Engineering

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage as high-safety, low-cost, and abundant zinc resources. Compared with conventional zinc foil, zinc powder (Zn-P) anodes display controllable capacity by regulating zinc powder loading, electrode thickness and pore structure, providing opportunities to improve zinc utilization, reduce costs and enhance manufacturing compatibility. However, Zn-P anodes are dynamic particle-composite electrodes in which reaction interfaces, pore channels, particle contacts, and electronic networks continuously evolve during cycling and storage. Their electrochemical behavior therefore reflects coupled effects of Zn2+ plating/stripping, hydrogen evolution, corrosion, by-product-induced pore blockage, stress evolution, contact loss, and calendar aging. This review focuses on the structural characteristics, failure mechanisms, interfacial reaction regulation, electrode engineering, and practical evaluation of zinc powder anodes. It subsequently analyzes the application boundaries of zincophilic metals, carbon materials, MXene, Meta–Organic Frameworks/Covalent Organic Frameworks (MOFs/COFs), artificial interphases, electrolyte additives, slurry engineering, current collectors, and manufacturing strategies. Then, it points out their mechanisms for regulating reaction selectivity, ion/electron transport, and structural stability. Further, the practical evaluation criteria are given, including Zn loading, the negative/positive capacity ratio (N/P ratio), Zn utilization, electrolyte dosage, calendar life and pouches/large-scale cells under limited zinc conditions. Overall, Zn-P anode development should focus on interfacial reaction selectivity, powder structure, electrode manufacturing and limited-zinc evaluation.