Functional aspects of oral and general health in older adults: a scoping review of analytical observational studies

Abstract

Abstract Objective: The aim of this scoping review was to map and characterize the available scientific evidence from studies investigating associations of oral function, oral frailty, or oral hypofunction with general health outcomes in older adults. Method: Five electronic databases (PubMed®, Scopus®, Web of Science®, SciELO®, and Google Scholar®) were systematically searched. Inclusion criteria encompassed analytical observational studies involving individuals aged 60 years or older, whether community-dwelling or institutionalized, that investigated functional aspects of oral health in relation to any general health outcome. Articles in English, Portuguese, or Spanish were considered. Two trained reviewers independently screened the records, selected the eligible studies, and extracted data on indexing, study design, population and sample, data collection and analysis, and main findings. Results: A total of 37 studies published between 2004 and 2024 were included, most of which employed a cross-sectional design. A wide range of methodological approaches was observed, both in the definition of general health outcomes and in the measurement of oral function. On average, studies used seven indicators to assess oral hypofunction, six for oral frailty, and five for oral function. The most frequently investigated general health outcomes were physical frailty, nutritional status, sarcopenia, risk of falls, depression, and mortality. Most studies reported an association between oral functional decline and poorer general health status Conclusion: Oral functionality is a relevant component of general health. The methodological heterogeneity across studies highlights the need for standardized assessment of oral function to strengthen the evidence base and support strategies for promoting healthy aging.