Wood‐Based Cellulose Nanocrystals as Reinforcement for Sustainable Concrete Composites

Abstract

This study evaluates wood‐derived cellulose nanocrystals (WCNCs), produced via non‐conventional processes, as nano‐reinforcement in normal‐strength concrete with a fixed mixed design. Physical properties, water absorption, and microstructure were examined for reference and WCNC‐modified concretes. Optimal WCNC dosage (0.05 wt.%) improved workability‐strength balance and significantly enhanced mechanical performance: compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and maximum flexural load at failure increased by 16.10%, 13.60%, and 16.70%, respectively. Microstructural analyses indicated that WCNCs refined pore structure, bridge microcracks, and reduced permeability, contributing to greater resistance against corrosive chemicals and improved durability of cured composites. Although the hydrophilic nature of WCNCs slightly delayed initial setting, accelerated later‐age hydration was inferred from strength development, suggesting beneficial long‐term cementitious reactions. These findings demonstrate that eco‐friendly WCNCs can effectively upgrade conventional concrete into more sustainable, high‐performance green composites without altering the base mixture proportions. The results support further scale‐up and life‐cycle assessment to quantify environmental benefits and optimize dosage for diverse exposure conditions.