Transdermal Herbal Nano-Gel of Ashwagandha, Curcumin, and Eucalyptus Oil for Musculoskeletal Pain in Recreational Athletes

Abstract

Musculoskeletal pain and sports-related soft tissue injuries are a prevalent health concern among thousands of individuals worldwide. Traditionally, pain relief is managed by oral intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). However, the long-term use of these medications can cause adverse effects such as gastrointestinal tract ulcers, nephrotoxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity. Thus, the development of alternative therapy is of great interest, particularly the combination of herbal medicine with modern pharmaceutical technology. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate a transdermal herbal nano-gel containing Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract, Curcumin (Curcuma longa), and Eucalyptus oil for the treatment of localized musculoskeletal pain. A nanoemulsion-based transdermal gel was developed using high-speed homogenizer and sonicator. The formulation was characterized for particle size distribution, zeta potential, viscosity, pH, spreadability, drug content uniformity, and in vitro drug release. Ex vivo skin permeation study was performed using Franz diffusion cell. Stability study was carried out under accelerated storage condition for three months. In addition, a pilot trial was conducted among recreational athletes with mild musculoskeletal discomfort to determine the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the nano-gel. The developed formulation was found to have a mean particle size of 156.4 ± 8.7 nm and excellent physical stability and homogeneity. The nano-gel was found to have improved permeation characteristics, sustained release profile, and good rheological properties for topical application. Pain scores among the participants were significantly reduced after four weeks of treatment (p < 0.05). No serious skin irritation or adverse effects were observed. The results obtained in this study indicate that transdermal nano-gel formulations may provide an effective solution for improving the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of traditional herbal bioactive compounds. The developed formulation is a promising therapeutic option for treating musculoskeletal pain in athletes and physically active individuals.