Trend and Epidemiological Mapping of Oral Cancer in The State of Ceará from 2017 to 2023: Ecological Time-Series Study

Abstract

Introduction: Oral cancer is a global public health problem, characterized by high mortality rates and late diagnoses, with a negative impact on patients’ quality of life. In Brazil, policies such as the National Oral Health Policy (PNSB) and the “30- and 60-Day Laws” aim to improve early diagnosis and access to treatment, but significant challenges remain. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological behavior and perform a georeferenced mapping of oral cancer in Ceará between 2017 and 2023, considering sociodemographic aspects, tumor staging, and geographic distribution. Method: Ecological time-series study using secondary data from DATASUS. Variables included sex, age, tumor stage, time to treatment, and health regions. QGIS software was applied for geospatial mapping. Results: A higher prevalence was observed among men over 55 years old. In 2020, there was a significant increase in treatments initiated within 30 days (43.3%), but this rate declined in subsequent years, largely due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Between 2017 and 2019, many treatments were initiated after 60 days from diagnosis, highlighting difficulties in complying with the “60-Day Law.” The Fortaleza region concentrated most diagnoses, reflecting inequalities in access to specialized care. Awareness campaigns such as “Julho Verde” were associated with increased rates of early diagnosis. Conclusion: The study revealed both advances and persistent gaps in oral cancer care in Ceará, underscoring the need for a specific observatory to improve monitoring and ensure comprehensive oncological care.