Altered Visual Hand Feedback in Virtual Reality: An Exploratory Study in Essential Tremor

Abstract

Pathological tremor is the most prevalent movement disorder worldwide, characterized by involuntary muscular oscillations within a frequency of 3 to 12 Hz. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms that generate and modulate tremor are not yet understood, and treatments are usually insufficient. While it is known that visual feedback is an important afferent pathway, little is known about the impact of altering the hand's visual representation on tremor expression. With the development of immersive technologies, VR poses an excellent tool to study how alterations to the representation of the hands affect tremor. In this work, we study this through two complementary experiments. In the first one, we show that a consumer-level hand-tracking system substantially attenuates tremor-band movements without preventing successful task completion. In the second one, with eight patients with essential tremor, we observe task-dependent differences in physical tremor between VR and the real world, with several patients exhibiting lower tremor-band activity in both hand kinematics and muscle oscillations, particularly during reaching tasks. Our findings represent an initial step toward validating the use of VR as an experimental tool for the research and treatment of pathological tremor, while highlighting strong user- and task-dependent effects.