Graph-Based Data Engineering Models for Large-Scale Knowledge Discovery

Abstract

Graph-based data engineering has become a powerful approach for managing and analyzing highly interconnected data across enterprise systems, IoT, social media, healthcare, finance, and scientific domains. Unlike traditional relational databases, graph-based models represent data as interconnected nodes and edges, enabling efficient relationship analysis, semantic understanding, and knowledge discovery. This paper surveys recent advances in graph databases, knowledge graphs, graph neural networks (GNNs), and distributed graph analytics, and proposes an integrated framework for scalable graph construction, semantic enrichment, graph analytics, and AI-driven knowledge extraction. The framework emphasizes scalability, semantic consistency, explainable AI, and continuous graph evolution. Experimental evaluation demonstrates improved relationship discovery, query performance, and knowledge extraction compared with conventional relational approaches, making the proposed framework suitable for intelligent applications in healthcare, cybersecurity, finance, smart manufacturing, and enterprise knowledge management.