GUIDELINES FOR THE TREATMENT AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF LEISHMANIASIS

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is an endemic parasitic disease with significant global impact; World Health Organization (WHO) estimates indicate that over 12 million people are infected, predominantly in underdeveloped and developing tropical countries. The disease is caused by protozoa of the genus *Leishmania*, transmitted by female phlebotomine sandflies. Clinically, it manifests in three main forms: cutaneous (the most prevalent), mucocutaneous, and visceral (associated with high fatality rates). Conventional therapies face critical challenges regarding toxicity, parasite resistance, high costs, and variable efficacy. This narrative literature review, based on studies indexed in PubMed, synthesizes current treatment guidelines and innovations under development, as well as epidemiological control strategies. The findings underscore the need for integrated, multidisciplinary interventions that combine vector control with advances in natural and nanotechnology-based therapies, aiming to optimize the management of this neglected zoonosis.