Complementary Regulation of Inflammatory, Catabolic, and PPARγ Signaling by Dexamethasone and Decanoic Acid in Donor-Specific Human Chondrocyte Models

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examined whether dexamethasone (Dex) and decanoic acid (DA) exert complementary effects on inflammatory signaling, catabolic gene expression, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation in human chondrocytes. Methods: Two donor-specific primary human chondrocyte models, each derived from a single knee donor, were used, in which cells were treated with Dex (≤0.1 µM), DA (≤500 µM), or combinations thereof. Acute Interleukin-1β(IL-1β)-induced PGE2 release was evaluated in normal donor cells, whereas prolonged transcriptional responses and PPARγ DNA-binding activity were evaluated in OA donor cells. IL-1β-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release was measured by competitive ELISA after 24 h. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-normalized transcription of Collagen type II alpha 1, Collagen type I alpha 1, Aggrecan, SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9, Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) was assessed by qRT-PCR at 7, 10–14, and 20–28 days. In addition, PPARγ DNA-binding activity was measured after 1 week. Interactions were evaluated by Loewe additivity and highest single agent (HSA) analyses. Results: Dex and DA each reduced PGE2 release, whereas co-treatment increased potency and maximal inhibition, with a Loewe combination index of 0.4 at 1 nM Dex plus 19 µM DA. In the temporal analysis, Dex plus DA showed a positive MMP13 ΔCt difference versus Dex at 10–14 days (2.42 ± 2.14; p = 0.065) and a more consistent difference at 20–28 days (1.11 ± 0.25; p = 0.016). This agreed with fixed-dose HSA findings at 14 and 28 days (ΔHSA ≈ −75 for 0.1 µM Dex plus 100 µM DA versus Dex). Co-treatment was also associated with increased PPARγ activation beyond the HSA reference (ΔHSA ≈ 0.09 for 0.1 µM Dex plus 100–250 µM DA versus Dex). Conclusions: Dex plus DA co-treatment produced complementary effects on acute PGE2 inhibition, as well as late-onset MMP13 suppression and PPARγ activity in the donor-specific chondrocyte models studied. These hypothesis-generating findings provide an in vitro rationale for future evaluation of this combination as a corticosteroid-sparing strategy.