Strategic Pedagogies through the Zone of Proximal Development in College Classrooms: A Holistic Approach to Developing Mathematical Literacy in the Philippine Higher Education
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of the existing mathematics curriculum in enhancing students’ mathematical literacy and developed a framework for improving mathematics instruction in higher education. Using a mixed-methods research design, quantitative data were gathered from 270 students and 12 mathematics faculty members through validated survey instruments, while qualitative insights were obtained through interviews. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and t-tests were employed to analyze the quantitative data, whereas thematic analysis was used for qualitative responses. Findings revealed that most students came from low- to middle-income families, with limited participation in mathematics-related extracurricular activities. Although innovative teaching methods such as inquiry-based learning, technology integration, student-centered learning, and differentiated instruction were perceived as seldom employed, students reported a high level of mathematical literacy. Both students and teachers perceived the curriculum as effective in promoting mathematical literacy. Significant positive relationships were found between curriculum effectiveness, teaching methods, and students’ mathematical literacy. Family income and extracurricular participation also influenced literacy development. Furthermore, significant differences existed between students’ and faculty members’ perceptions of mathematical literacy. Qualitative findings identified goals centered on conceptual understanding, confidence-building, teacher development, and equity, while challenges included mathematics anxiety, resource limitations, and contextual disconnects. In response, the study proposed the HOLISTIC Framework, grounded in the Zone of Proximal Development, integrating culturally responsive pedagogy, scaffolding, inquiry-based learning, technology integration, inclusivity, and continuous assessment to strengthen mathematical literacy among learners.