Edge-Assisted Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication over the Constrained Application Protocol (TESLA-CoAP) for Low-Latency and Scalable Sixth Generation (6G) Internet of Things (IoT) Networks

Abstract

The rapid deployment of sixth-generation (6G) Internet of Things (IoT) networks demands lightweight authentication mechanisms that provide low latency, high scalability, and robust security for resource-constrained devices operating in dynamic wireless environments. Conventional authentication approaches based on Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS), blockchain-assisted architectures, and Generic Bootstrapping Architecture (GBA)-based schemes introduce significant computational complexity, communication overhead, synchronization delays, and infrastructure dependencies, limiting their suitability for large-scale edge-assisted IoT environments. This paper proposes Lightweight Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication over the Constrained Application Protocol (L-TESLA-CoAP), a lightweight and infrastructure-independent authentication framework that integrates adaptive TESLA delayed-key authentication, CoAP communication, edge-assisted synchronization, replay-aware synchronization, SHA3-HMAC-based symmetric authentication, and rotating pseudonym identities to provide continuous packet-level authentication. The proposed framework was implemented and evaluated using a Python-based simulation environment under constrained 6G IoT communication scenarios with network sizes ranging from 50 to 1000 IoT devices. The comparative evaluation against CoAP, DTLS, TLS, Blockchain-CoAP, and GBA-Hybrid TESLA shows that the proposed framework achieves low authentication latency (approximately 0.8–1.3 s) and low energy consumption (approximately 60–75 mJ) while maintaining packet-loss recovery capability, reduced communication overhead, reduced computation time, low memory consumption, and authentication throughput. Furthermore, the proposed framework provides resilience against replay, packet injection, impersonation, synchronization manipulation, and denial-of-service attacks through adaptive synchronization and delayed key disclosure. These results indicate that L-TESLA-CoAP provides an efficient, scalable, and lightweight authentication solution suitable for next-generation edge-assisted 6G IoT applications.