SIMULATION CAPABILITY FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS IN NON-SEGREGATED AIRSPACE

Abstract

This article surveys how simulation has been used to study special operations in non-segregated airspace, where civil, military and unmanned aircraft increasingly share the same volume. The operations of interest include the handling of non-cooperative unmanned aircraft, counter-UAS activity, military flights transiting civil airspace, and cooperative maneuvers such as air-to-air refueling. How this mixed traffic behaves, the workload it imposes on controllers, and the value of any new procedure or decision-aiding tool are empirical questions that cannot be answered safely, affordably, or repeatably in live flight. The discussion is organized around four threads: the role of simulation as a research instrument; the fast-time and real-time human-in-the-loop paradigms, together with the platforms that embody them (FACET, BlueSky, ESCAPE, en-route digital twins); the conflict-detection, conflict-resolution and detect-and-avoid methods that have been developed and validated computationally; and the human-factors evidence from controller-in-the-loop experiments. Drawing these threads together, the article argues that a dedicated, high-fidelity simulation capability is not a convenience but a precondition for safely integrating special operations into shared airspace, and it identifies where the literature remains thin, most notably the scarcity of platforms purpose-built for special operations and for non-cooperative traffic.