Secure-by-Disguise: A Systematic Evaluation of Image Disguising for Confidential Medical Image Modeling

Abstract

Cloud-based deep learning enables large-scale medical image analysis but raises significant privacy concerns when sensitive patient images are outsourced for model development. Image disguising has recently emerged as a promising privacy-enhancing technology (PET) that transforms images into visually unintelligible representations while preserving information for downstream learning. We established a unified framework to evaluate representative methods, DisguisedNets and NeuraCrypt, across four datasets involving classification and semantic segmentation tasks. Our analysis assessed predictive utility, efficiency, and robustness against reconstruction attacks. Results showed that image disguising performance varies significantly between tasks; while methods preserved utility for medical image classification, they caused substantial degradation in dense semantic segmentation. Specifically, Randomized Multidimensional Transformation (RMT) offered the optimal balance of performance and security, whereas AES-based disguising severely impacted utility. Furthermore, regression-based reconstruction attacks effective on natural images proved considerably less successful on realistic medical images. These findings provide a systematic assessment of PET suitability for confidential medical AI applications.