Vaccines for Common Veterinary Infectious Diseases Based on mRNA Technology

Abstract

: Veterinary mRNA vaccines represent a significant breakthrough in biomedical research in recent years, demonstrating broad application prospects in animal disease prevention and control. This review summarizes the overall research background, achievements, existing challenges, and future development of this technology. mRNA vaccines offer advantages such as a short development cycle, high safety profile, and the ability to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, facilitating their transition from the proof-of-concept stage to substantive applications targeting various important animal pathogens. Currently, significant progress has been made with this technology against common animal diseases such as influenza, rabies, and foot-and-mouth disease. Optimization of mRNA structure and improved delivery systems like lipid nanoparticles have effectively enhanced vaccine stability, expression efficiency, and immunogenicity. However, several challenges remain in this field, including significant differences in immune response mechanisms across species, unclear duration of vaccine protection, and a lack of large-scale field trial validation. Future efforts should focus on in-depth research into species-specific immune mechanisms, advance the development of multivalent vaccines, and address practical application issues such as cost, storage, and administration convenience. Starting from the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines, this review systematically summarizes recent research progress in avian influenza, rabies, and foot-and-mouth disease, discussing design strategies, delivery systems, and immune mechanisms, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the further development of veterinary mRNA vaccines.