Enhancing generalization in non-uniformly sampled NMR spectra reconstruction via accelerated conditional diffusion models

Abstract

Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy provides rich molecular-level information on species and structures, with broad significance across chemistry, biology, and materials science. However, its widespread application is generally limited by prolonged acquisition times. Combining non-uniform sampling techniques with spectra reconstruction methods offers a promising solution to this acquisition bottleneck. Traditional reconstruction methods are robust but constrained by algorithmic assumptions and approximations, whereas deep learning approaches can potentially overcome these limitations and achieve higher reconstruction fidelity, though generalization to unseen data remains challenging. Here, we present an accelerated conditional diffusion model for multidimensional NMR spectra reconstruction, formulating the task as a probabilistic iterative denoising process that progressively refines undersampled spectra under physical constraints. Experiments demonstrate that this method outperforms both traditional and end-to-end deep learning algorithms in peak recovery, artifact suppression, and robustness across multiple sampling conditions and experimental datasets.