TL;DR
Overall, exosome-based therapies hold substantial promise for transforming the management of corneal diseases, but further rigorous translational and clinical studies are required to realize their full potential.
Periodontal disease remains a major global health concern, leading to progressive tissue destruction and tooth loss. Conventional regenerative therapies have shown promising results, but their limitations necessitate novel approaches. Exosome therapy has emerged as a cutting-edge strategy in regenerative medicine, offering a cell-free, biomimetic solution for periodontal tissue repair. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells and immune cells, play a crucial role in intercellular communication, modulating inflammation, enhancing angiogenesis, and promoting tissue regeneration. This review explores the biological characteristics of exosomes, their role in periodontal tissue repair, and their potential therapeutic applications in periodontics. Additionally, we discuss current challenges, such as scalability, isolation techniques, and regulatory concerns, while highlighting future prospects for clinical translation. Exosome-based therapeutics represent a paradigm shift in periodontal regeneration, offering a minimally invasive and highly targeted approach to tissue engineering. Relevant studies were identified through a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using specific keywords related to exosome therapy and periodontics.
Skin aging is an intricate and multidimensional biological process driven by both endogenous and exogenous factors. It manifests as impaired skin structure and function, morphological alterations, and an elevated risk of associated disorders. Current skin antiaging therapies have made considerable advancements. However, notable challenges persist regarding safety, long‐term efficacy, and delivery efficiency. These challenges have prompted the field of regenerative medicine to pursue more effective therapeutic strategies. Engineered exosomes (Exos) are nanoscale vesicles optimized through bioengineered strategies. They exhibit excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and a strong capability to deliver diverse bioactive molecules. Stem cell‐derived exosomes (SC‐Exos) represent ideal sources for engineered Exos. However, natural Exos are limited by low yield, insufficient drug‐loading capacity, and poor targeting efficiency. To address these limitations, engineered strategies have been developed to enhance yield, enrich functional components, and achieve targeted delivery. Furthermore, this review investigates the combined use of engineered Exos with delivery systems such as microneedles and gels to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Ongoing technological advancements have enabled engineered Exos to emerge as a safe, efficient, precise, and promising frontier in precision skin antiaging. They are poised to drive revolutionary breakthroughs in regenerative medicine.
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic platform for central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). This review examines MSC mechanisms of action—paracrine activity, immunomodulation, antioxidant effects, TFEB-mediated autophagy regulation, and enzymatic cross-correction in LSDs—while critically assessing translational challenges. We provide a comparative analysis of MSC sources, administration routes, dosing regimens, and safety profiles, with emphasis on hemocompatibility and thrombotic risks. The evidence base for MSC efficacy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and LSDs is systematically reviewed, highlighting both promising signals and limitations. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles are discussed as a cell-free alternative with improved safety and potential blood–brain barrier interaction. We propose an individualized monitoring framework integrating clinical scales, biomarkers, and neuroimaging. Despite preclinical promise, the field faces major hurdles: product standardization, optimal dosing, and the need for large, randomized controlled trials. The most rational path forward lies in combination strategies—MSCs as adjuncts to gene or enzyme replacement therapy—and engineered platforms for sustained delivery. This review provides a roadmap for translational decision-making and identifies critical gaps that must be addressed before MSC-based therapies can be integrated into routine neurological practice.
Exosomes are small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin that play pivotal roles in intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids. Increasing evidence indicates that these vesicles participate in diverse physiological and pathological processes, including immune regulation, tissue repair, tumor progression, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular homeostasis. Their distinctive biological properties have consequently generated considerable interest in their development as diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and drug-delivery platforms. Recent progress in exosome biology and biogenesis, together with technological advances in vesicle isolation, characterization, engineering, and large-scale production, has accelerated their preclinical development and early clinical translation. Nevertheless, substantial challenges—including donor-cell heterogeneity, low production yields, insufficiently standardized protocols, and regulatory uncertainty—must be addressed before widespread clinical implementation can be achieved. This narrative review integrates current knowledge of exosome biology, diagnostic and therapeutic applications, and engineering strategies. It further examines major translational barriers and outlines future priorities for advancing exosome-based technologies toward precision medicine.
