Trends in Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq, 2023–2025: A Descriptive Ecological Study of National Surveillance Data and Public Health Response Activities

Abstract

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) remains a significant zoonotic and public health threat in endemic regions, including Iraq, which has experienced repeated outbreaks over the past decade. Recent surveillance data suggest evolving transmission dynamics influenced by climatic variability, ecological conditions, and the intensity of public health interventions.