Insights and implications of AI for Science strategies of major science and technology powers

Abstract

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is transitioning from a research aid to a scientific discovery agent. The new paradigm of “AI + Science” (AI for Science, AI4S) – the intelligent science paradigm (or the fifth paradigm of science) – characterized by the deep integration of artificial intelligence into the entire process of scientific discovery, is rapidly emerging and becoming a “new agent” for intelligent and autonomous execution of scientific discovery and technological invention as well as a key force in reshaping the human knowledge production system and the global landscape of technological competition. The intervention of AI in the field of knowledge production is an unprecedented major event in the history of human civilization, indicating that another type of knowledge production subject besides humans has officially made its debut. In order to seize the benefits brought by this scientific paradigm revolution, major science and technology powers – including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan – and regions have unanimously introduced “AI+Science” strategies during October and November 2025, striving to seek new technological hegemony in the new era of technological revolution. This study systematically reviews the “AI+Science” strategies from major science and technology powers and regions, analyzes their strategic objectives, core components, and key policy measures, while also offers insights and recommendations.