Jul 2026· Journal of Hardware and Systems Security· Vol 10· 0 citations· 48 references
Computer Science
TL;DR
An optimal choice of consensus algorithm and type of blockchain, based on security, energy consumption and computing resources is proposed, which will enable the design of microgrid architectures and components that are compatible with decentralized cybersecurity technologies without affecting their operation.
Blockchain technology has become a strong backbone to decentralized applications; however, the fast-growing energy usage of consensus mechanisms has become a cause of serious economic, environmental, and sustainability worries. This paper will be a detailed examination of the energy usage in the leading blockchain consensus algorithms, focusing specifically on the question of why some of them are high-energy usage and how their energy imprints might be decreased. The paper has started by conducting a review of the basic architecture of blockchain systems and classifying the different consensus mechanisms according to their working principle and resource needs. To analyze energy-intensive schemes, the specific attention is paid to Proof of Work, which is analyzed in terms of models of mining operations, hardware dependence, difficulty adjustment, and power consumption. Case studies of large-scaled PoW-based blockchains are presented in real-life scenarios to represent the implications of the energy in practical scenarios and network conditions. Moreover, the research also undertakes the systematic examination of optimization methods that will help to decrease the energy consumption without affecting the security or decentralization. These are innovations at the protocol level, hardware-awareness, mining policies based on renewable energy sources, and the use of layer-2 and off-chain transaction processing systems. Trade-offs between security, scalability, and decentralization and energy efficiency are discussed comparatively. The findings show that next-generation consensus mechanisms and hybrid designs are capable of saving a huge amount of energy without compromising the reasonable performance and trust guarantees.
Shivganga Gavhane, Virendrakumar A. Dhotre, Sudheer Kumar et al.· Journal of Intelligent Decis...· 0 citations
The increasing usage of distributed renewable energy resources has rapidly increased the transition to decentralised smart grids. This is where secure and efficient peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is crucial. However, conventional blockchain-based energy trading schemes suffer from high computational overhead, communication latency, and limited scalability, making them unsuitable for resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) networks. This research proposes a lightweight blockchain framework that incorporates Hyperledger Fabric with Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus, ZigbeePro communication, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based energy demand forecasting to facilitate secure and intelligent decentralised energy trading. The framework was evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink simulation, NS-3, Hyperledger Fabric, and a Raspberry Pi/ESP32 prototype. The results of the experiment show that the proposed framework achieved an average latency of 48.9 ms, throughput of 185 transactions per second, packet delivery ratio of 97.8 percent, and support for up to 250 IoT nodes while maintaining low energy overhead. The LSTM forecasting model attained an R² of 0.964 with a MAPE of 4.7 percent, delivering accurate demand prediction for intelligent energy allocation. Compared with centralised and Proof-of-Work blockchain models, the proposed framework enhanced communication efficiency, scalability, and security while reducing computational cost. These results demonstrated that integrating lightweight blockchain, low-power communication, and Artificial Intelligence-based forecasting provides a practical and scalable solution for decentralised energy trading for the next-generation smart grids.
Aliyu Musa Kida, C. Ngene, Jafaru Usman et al.· International Journal of Inn...· 0 citations
Blockchain is one important building blocks of the Internet of the future, called Web3. The Blockchain technology supports a wide range of applications, spanning from Smart Cities and automotive industries, from agriculture to energy. The healthcare sector, in particular, has experienced a profound impact from blockchain-based technologies, paving the way for the development of true digital healthcare systems. By enabling secure and immutable data storage, and facilitating the sharing of this information among all nodes possessing a local copy of the distributed ledger, blockchain plays a vital role in the analysis of healthcare data. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the main blockchain platforms utilized in the digital healthcare, integrated with a comparative analysis. In addition, the implementation of Innovative permissioned Blockchain for eHealth (IBEH) is presented and discussed in detail. IBEH addresses key challenges in digital health data management, including secure and controlled access to sensitive health information, ensuring data integrity and traceability, and secure sharing between different healthcare institutions and organizations. This is made possible by decoupling the application and blockchain layers and by a flexible, customizable, and easily deployable infrastructure. IBEH integrates the application-oriented and embedded layer with that of a blockchain network built with the MultiChain platform, which uses smart contracts with permissions, REST APIs, and RPC calls. The main features and its associated smart contracts within the healthcare domain are discussed. Finally, the analysis of performance is provided.
A. Vizzarri, Franco Mazzenga· Applied Sciences· 0 citations
Rising energy demands, the proliferation of sustainable and renewable energy sources, are calling for a new perspective on conventional energy system management. this paper reports how blockchain technology can, through its decentralized and secure nature, enable transparent, automated and peer-to-peer (P2P) energy transactions. We conduct a comparative evaluation of BC applications in three diverse domains: renewable energy, smart grid and Microgrid, and P2P trading platforms. This article discusses different types of blockchains (public, private, consortium), consensus protocols, and their effect on scalability, security, and economic accessibility. The main takeaway is that public blockchains are very transparent but have scalability issues, whereas private and consortium blockchains are more scalable but less decentralized. The system gets more intelligent and smarter with the integration of AI and IOT. Although regulatory and interoperability challenges are being worked out, blockchain could have a significant impact on the industrial energy grid. the article closes with a discussion about how blockchain as part of a wider digital transformation could lead to ultimately more autonomously run and sustainable energy system.
Minatallah El Labbakh, Amina Aghanim, H. Chekenbah et al.· EPJ Web of Conferences· 0 citations
The smart grid systems are increasingly becoming digital where the system is taking a new direction into greater operational efficiency and real time energy management. The increased number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and communication networks has widened the area of attack as well, thus smart grids are vulnerable to more sophisticated cyber attacks like false data injection, denial-of-data manipulation and service attacks. The traditional centralized security controls are not sufficient because of the limitation of single point failure, scalability limitations, and demand decentralized and resilient security controls. The use of blockchain technology in this regard has become a potential solution in order to improve the level of security by utilizing the transparent, decentralized, and immutable features of the technology. To provide cybersecurity approaches of smart grid systems, a taxonomical structure of blockchain technology is proposed in this paper. Besides that it shows the categorization of the various techniques into secure data management, secure energy trading, device authentication, data integrity assurance and communication protection. A detailed analysis of existing works was undertaken to determine their efficiency based on the security, scale and complexity of implementation. The results of the review describe some of the major challenges, such as latency and energy overhead and provide future research opportunities on effective smart grid security frameworks.
F. Basheer, Hari Gobind Pathak, Meena Malik et al.· International Conference on...· 0 citations
The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has introduced significant security challenges, mainly due to the resource constraints of devices and the limitations of centralized architectures. This paper proposes a blockchain-based Zero-Trust framework for secure and scalable IoT systems. The approach is architecture-agnostic and combines decentralized identity management, hybrid data storage, and edge-assisted computation. To optimize resource usage, raw data are stored off-chain while cryptographic hashes are anchored on the blockchain, ensuring integrity and immutability. A Merkle tree structure is employed to aggregate data efficiently, reducing communication overhead and blockchain transaction costs. Experimental results demonstrate that lightweight cryptographic mechanisms, combined with Merkle-based aggregation, provide strong security guarantees with low energy consumption. The proposed framework achieves improved scalability, robustness, and efficiency, making it suitable for resource-constrained IoT environments.
Florian Bonelli, Alexandre dos Santos Roque, E. P. de Freitas· International Conference on...· 0 citations