HOLISTIC AND ALTERNATIVE PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES IN THE MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM
Abstract
The article examines the global changes taking place in the education system in modern times and the holistic education concept formed against the background of these changes. The study analyzes the challenges of the 21st century – digitalization, globalization, technological development, environmental problems and the transformation of the traditional education model in the context of the emergence of human capital. It is especially emphasized that the holistic education approach considers the intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual development of a person within a single system. The article comparatively analyzes the main principles, development theories and the teacher factor of alternative pedagogical models such as Waldorf and Montessori, and refers to the theoretical views of educators such as Rudolf Steiner, Maria Montessori, Lev Vygotsky, Carl Rogers and John Dewey. At the same time, global problems of modern education – issues such as digital inequality, adaptation to the labor market, emotional well-being, inclusion and teacher shortage – are examined, and ways to solve them are identified. As a result of the study, it was determined that the modern education system should be formed not only as a mechanism for transmitting knowledge, but also as a humanistic and flexible model that ensures the comprehensive development of the personality.