IoT and Recent Sensor Technologies in Smart Farming: A Review of Innovations and Enhancements

Abstract

The field of agriculture is encountering considerable difficulties in fulfilling the rising stresses in order to produce food while maintaining sustainability and efficient source utilization. Numerous technologies currently employed in agricultural practices for monitoring crop growth, soil efficiency, and nutrient levels have faced challenges. Some of these technologies have proven inadequate due to variations in frequency and distance range within smart farming applications. To tackle these issues, this review highlights an integration of biosensors, bioelectronics and Internet of Things (IoT) technology into agricultural performs, which has become a hopeful answer. The paper discusses how these sensing elements are integrated with IoT architectures, microcontroller-based nodes, wireless sensor networks, and cloud-enabled analytics to support precision irrigation, nutrient management, disease indication, and yield-oriented crop supervision. In addition, it compares major IoT communication technologies, reviews current applications and limitations, identifies research gaps in field deployment and system integration, and outlines future directions for robust, scalable, and intelligent agricultural biosensing systems.