Data-Driven Optimization of IEEE 802.1Qcr Asynchronous Traffic Shaper Parameters for Automotive Networks

Modeling and Analysis of 10Base-T1S Network with IEEE 802.1Qav Traffic Shaping

Base-T1S Ethernet is a promising technology for integrating low-rate electronic control units (ECUs) in invehicle and industrial networks, because it supports multidrop communication over a single-pair physical layer while preserving an Ethernet-based architecture. Its Physical Layer Collision Avoidance (PLCA) mechanism assigns deterministic transmission opportunities to nodes in a round-robin manner. IEEE 802.1Qav Credit-Based Shaper (CBS) is widely adopted in TSN/AVB networks to regulate class-based bandwidth and suppress traffic burstiness, and can be deployed locally within each ECU before frames are forwarded to the PLCA MAC-PHY. Existing CBS analyses typically assume full-duplex point-to-point Ethernet links, where an eligible queue, once selected by the local scheduler, can receive continuous transmission service at the link rate. This assumption does not directly hold in PLCA-based multidrop networks, where an ECU can transmit only during its assigned transmission opportunities. For control, diagnostic, and safety-related traffic, average delay or finite simulation traces are insufficient to certify whether timing requirements are always met; designers instead need deterministic upper bounds on the worst-case delay. However, in PLCA-based 10Base-T1S networks, the service available to CBS-shaped traffic is determined by the interaction among CBS credit evolution, PLCA access timing, and local non-preemptive priority scheduling. Therefore, these mechanisms must be modeled jointly to derive such bounds. This paper develops a network-calculus model for CBS-shaped traffic over PLCA-based 10Base-T1S networks. Numerical examples and simulation results demonstrate how CBS parameters and PLCA configurations influence the resulting delay bounds.

Advanced Adaptive Scheduling for Autonomous Driving in Beyond-5G/6G Networks

SOVANET+ is presented, an extended scheduling technique that jointly accounts for service criticality, network load, and wireless link quality to allocate resources adaptively across coexisting Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services, supporting its viability for next-generation intelligent transportation systems.

Sensitivity-driven Adaptive Contention Window Optimization for IEEE 802.11 based V2I Networks

In vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication the setting of IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) parameters has a decisive bearing on performance, yet the literature seldom pins down how much each parameter actually matters once traffic, MAC and queueing are modelled together. Treating a previously validated analytical framework as a fixed deterministic input-output map, we rank the DCF and traffic parameters that shape throughput, collision probability, delay, packet delivery ratio and Age of Information in a single-AP V2I network. A local one-factor-at-a-time analysis, cast in dimensionless elasticities so that parameters of different units become comparable, is paired with a variance-based global analysis built on first-order and total-effect Sobol indices. Two clean groups emerge: collision probability is set by the contending-vehicle population -- itself governed by vehicle velocity and density -- together with the minimum contention window, whereas delay is driven by the channel rate, the offered load and the packet size, and carries strong interaction effects that no local reading can expose. We then derive the closed-form structure of these sensitivities from the model relations, which explains the rankings, forces certain parameters into equal-magnitude elasticities, and locates where the local ranking reverses. Finally the collision-sensitivity structure is turned into a design output rather than a ranking: a closed-form contention-window control law, linear in the contending population and closed with a Greenshields density model, that a roadside access point can evaluate online from measured density or velocity. The fixed IEEE 802.11 default is recovered as the single population at which this law is optimal; away from it the throughput gain grows with density and is largest in the dense, safety-critical regime.

Analysis of Loop Free Alternates for Fault-Tolerant IEEE 802.1 TSN

Modeling and Analysis of Isochronous Communication Under Lifetime- and Flushing-Based Mechanisms

TSN Scheduling for Deterministic Control over 10BASE-T1S in Zonal Automotive Architectures

Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a key mechanism for deterministic in-vehicle Ethernet, but its end-to-end behavior over 10BASE-T1S shared media remains unclear under mixed traffic in zonal architectures. This paper experimentally evaluates periodic control traffic delivered from an upper zonal Ethernet TSN domain to a lower-tier 10BASE-T1S bus. The testbed connects two cascaded SJA1110-based switches and an EVB-LAN9383 switch to a 10BASE-T1S motor-control node, with best-effort (BE) background traffic generated by an internal processing core of the second SJA1110. Control latency is measured by matching a 32-bit sequence field between source-side Ethernet and destination-side 10BASE-T1S observation points while varying BE load from 0% to 95%. We compare No GB, which strictly separates scheduled traffic (ST) and BE traffic without a guard band; fixed guard-band (GB), which closes the cycle end before the next ST window; Shared, which opens the remaining non-ST interval to both ST and BE traffic; and two ST-slot/GB-width variants. The results show that No GB suffers severe latency growth, whereas fixed GB stabilizes lowand medium-load latency near 3 ms but loses matched delivery under high load. Shared provides the best control-delivery tradeoff in the evaluated testbed, maintaining above 95% matched ratio through $\mathbf{9 0}$ % load with $\mathbf{5 1 0. 8} \mu \mathbf{s}$ and $\mathbf{6 7 8. 3} \mu \mathbf{s}$ mean latency at 0% and 90%, respectively. These results indicate that flexible shared scheduling can improve control-flow delivery compared with strict static partitioning in the evaluated 10BASE-T1S-based zonal topology, while BE fairness and synchronization-related phase effects require further study.