Vitex negundo Conjugated HAp for Targeted Bone Regeneration in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Infiltrated Bone

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objective: To synthesise and evaluate Vitex negundo-conjugated hydroxyapatite (VN-HAp) as a bioactive material for bone regeneration, particularly in oral squamous cell carcinoma-infiltrated bone, by assessing its physicochemical properties, biomineralization potential, and cytocompatibility. Material and Methods: A VN-HAP solution was prepared, and the in vitro biomineralization of VH-HAP in simulated body fluid solution (SBF) was evaluated in normal and carcinoma-infiltrated bone at 7 and 14-day immersion periods. Comparative surface characterizations and an MTT assay were performed. Results: The SEM and FT-IR spectra confirmed the successful incorporation of Vitex negundo extract into hydroxyapatite (VH-HAP), resulting in a porous structure that enhances in vitro biomineralization. After 7 and 14 days of immersion in SBF, both normal and tumor bone showed increased mineral deposition, confirmed by EDX and SEM analysis. FT-IR spectra highlighted phosphate nucleation. The MTT assay demonstrated 90% and 80% cell viability in normal and tumor bone, respectively, and confocal microscopy showed osteoblast recruitment, suggesting VH-HAP's potential to promote bone regeneration. Conclusion: Vitex negundo-conjugated hydroxyapatite exhibited excellent biomineralization ability and cytocompatibility, demonstrating its potential as a novel herbal-bioceramic composite for bone regeneration, particularly in post-cancer reconstructive applications.