Implementation of the Scan-to-BIM-to-Finite Element Modeling Workflow for Geometric Documentation and Preliminary Structural Assessment of Masonry Buildings: A Case Study

Abstract

Masonry structures, frequently encountered both in traditional architecture and in historical buildings, occupy a significant place among structural system types. In these systems, the load-bearing elements typically consist of walls made of materials such as brick and stone. Performance evaluation of masonry structures requires more refined modeling processes due to their brittle behavior under seismic effects and their irregular geometric characteristics. In particular, historical masonry buildings require accurate analysis. The analysis critically depends on the precise identification of the actual geometry, material properties, and structural deficiencies. Within the scope of the study, the effectiveness of combining laser scanning technology with Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the structural analysis and condition assessment of masonry structures was investigated through a case study. Laser scanning point cloud data were processed and transferred into a digital environment. Subsequently, BIM-based software was employed to generate a three-dimensional model using the point cloud data of a historic structure located in Cappadocia, Türkiye. Then, the model was transformed into a finite element model for structural analysis. The finite element model was employed for modal characterization and preliminary structural assessment under self-weight. Throughout the process, axis controls of the walls, misalignments, irregularities, structural discontinuities, and possible structure damage were evaluated digitally to identify potentially vulnerable zones. This study applies the existing Scan-to-BIM-to-Finite Element workflow to complex historical masonry, providing a reliable and practical roadmap for geometric documentation and preliminary structural assessment of the building stock.