Aug 2026· International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology· pp. 277· 0 citations· 1 references
Abstract
Industrial facilities, particularly those handling Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and other volatile petrochemicals, are highly susceptible to catastrophic fire and explosion hazards. The rapid escalation and destructive totality of such incidents necessitate the deployment of robust and highly responsive active fire detection and alarm systems to mitigate risks to human life, property, and the environment. This dissertation comprehensively investigates the design, installation, and optimization of active fire and gas detection systems specifically tailored for LPG workplace environments, including bullet storage, Horton spheres, and mounded storage facilities. The primary objective is to formulate a cohesive safety framework that ensures rapid anomaly detection while significantly minimizing the occurrence of false alarms—a prevalent issue that severely compromises system credibility, increases operational costs, and induces organizational disruption.
The study involves a detailed technical analysis of various detection methodologies, including ionization and optical smoke detectors, fixed-temperature and rate-of-rise heat detectors, multi-sensor systems, and infrared/ultraviolet flame detectors. A quantitative assessment is conducted to determine the optimal configuration, spacing, and siting of these sensors based on the specific geometry and hazard profile of different LPG storage vessels. The research highlights the strategic placement of heat detectors encircling storage vessels and gas detectors positioned near Remote Operated Valves (ROVs) and inspection tunnels to ensure maximum coverage and early warning capabilities. Furthermore, a detailed cost-estimation model for the complete installation of a fire detection and alarm system—encompassing control panels, manual call points (MCPs), and notification appliances—is presented to demonstrate the financial feasibility and critical necessity of such safety investments.
A significant portion of the research explicitly addresses the problem domain of false alarms. The study systematically identifies primary causes, such as environmental factors, inappropriate sensor placement, equipment faults, and human error, and proposes targeted mitigation strategies. These strategies include the implementation of sensitivity-floating detection systems, multi-stage alarms, application of pattern recognition methods, and adherence to stringent, routine maintenance protocols. The findings establish that the integration of strategically positioned, application-specific detection systems profoundly enhances the safety integrity of LPG plants. By strictly adhering to national and international safety standards (such as NFPA 72, IS-2189, and OISD guidelines) and adopting advanced false-alarm correction methodologies, industrial facilities can achieve a highly reliable, early-warning fire protection mechanism that guarantees swift emergency response and continuous systemic risk reduction
Gas leakage and fire accidents represent major safety threats in residential buildings, commercial establishments, industrial facilities, laboratories, kitchens, warehouses, and other enclosed environments where combustible gases and ignition sources are present. Conventional safety mechanisms frequently depend on isolated smoke alarms, manual inspection, fixed threshold detectors, or locally activated buzzers that may fail to provide timely remote information when occupants or responsible personnel are away from the affected location. Delayed identification of liquefied petroleum gas leakage, combustible gas accumulation, abnormal temperature rise, smoke formation, or open flame can lead to explosions, structural damage, environmental contamination, financial loss, severe injury, and loss of life. This research proposes an intelligent Gas Leakage and Fire Detection with SMS Notification System that integrates gas sensing, flame detection, temperature monitoring, embedded processing, local alarm generation, actuator control, and GSM-based remote notification within a unified real-time safety architecture. The proposed framework continuously acquires environmental information through an MQ-series combustible gas sensor, flame sensor, and temperature sensor. Sensor readings are processed by a microcontrollerbased decision unit that performs signal conditioning, threshold evaluation, multi-sensor event correlation, and hazard classification. The system categorizes environmental conditions into Normal, Gas Leakage Alert, Fire Warning, and Critical Emergency states according to the detected combination of gas concentration, flame presence, and abnormal temperature behavior. When hazardous gas accumulation is identified, the system activates a local buzzer, warning indicator, ventilation or exhaust mechanism, and GSM communication module to transmit an SMS notification to registered users or emergency personnel. When fire-related indicators are detected, the framework generates an immediate high-priority alarm and sends location-aware emergency information through SMS. The proposed architecture consists of five interconnected layers: Environmental Sensing and Data Acquisition, Signal Processing and Hazard Intelligence, Embedded Decision and Event Classification, Alert and Emergency Response, and User and Monitoring layers. The framework is designed to provide continuous monitoring, rapid hazard recognition, local and remote notification, improved response coordination, and practical deployment across homes, industries, laboratories, warehouses, kitchens, and commercial facilities. Illustrative conceptual evaluation demonstrates that the proposed system can achieve improved detection accuracy, alert reliability, multi-sensor hazard recognition, and lower response latency compared with conventional standalone gas alarms, smoke-only detectors, and isolated threshold-based systems. The proposed framework provides a scalable foundation for intelligent environmental safety monitoring and timely emergency communication.
M. Venkatesh, K. Ashwini, Punnapuredd Y Roja et al.· International Journal of AI...· 0 citations
The increasing complexity of vehicle electronics and conventional fuel systems have elevated the risks of gas leaks and fires. In addition, high-density batteries in Electric Vehicles (EVs) raises the risk of fire. Vehicle fires represent a significant safety hazard, causing hundreds of deaths and billions in property damage annually. One of the main dangers related with firefighting operations is the harmful ambience resulted from combusting materials. The four main hazards related to these cases are smoke, the oxygen insufficient atmosphere, high temperatures, and toxic ambience. Hence, fire is a real danger and fire safety is a critical issue in vehicle’s industry. This paper proposes a real-time intelligent vehicle gas and fire detection and suppression system. The system uses Arduino Microcontroller based-system that integrates multi-sensor data fusion capable of detecting gas, smoke, over-temperature and combustion. The system uses alarm signaling devices, solenoid valve, fire-extinguishing equipment, and feeders for the fire-extinguishing substance. This comprehensive vehicle safety system provides multi-layered protection against gas leaks, fires, and overheating and automatic response without driver intervention. Hence, it is capable of detecting and suppressing fire. In addition, the system is interfaced to GSM network to enable wireless communication through SMS.
Adnan M. Al-Smadi, H. J. Badarneh, G. Sulieman· The eurasia proceedings of s...· 0 citations
Dealing with the handling and bulk storage of hydrocarbons, common incidents like fires and explosions frequently occur, severely impacting human life, property, and the environment. Spillage of liquid or liquefied gases often happens at these facilities, and if an ignition source is present, the spill can instantaneously catch fire, leading to life-threatening pool fires. Recent research on the combustion characteristics of large petroleum fires highlights the necessity of large-scale experiments to understand real tank fire behavior. Although these experiments are highly costly and require massive open spaces, worldwide collaboration is vital to advance pool fire research, fire safety design, and firefighting engineering. Radiated heat from a pool fire plays a crucial role as one of the prominent factors driving the spread of fire to nearby tanks or objects. Because radiated heat alone causes many secondary accidents and threatens life and property, it is imperative to quantify the heat transferred to objects situated at a distance. Determining this heat transfer rate is essential for taking effective measures to prevent fire propagation. Furthermore, it suggests a safe minimum distance for firefighters to operate and helps establish Acceptable Separation Distances (ASD) between storage tanks to ensure structural integrity. This thesis evaluates these heat transfer mechanisms—specifically thermal radiation—involved in open-air pool fires at mass storage facilities. The heat transfer values are calculated utilizing standard analytical approaches, including the MUDAN method, t² models, one-zone and two-zone models, alongside the Point Source Model and the Solid Flame Model. Through these models, critical parameters such as Heat Release Rate (HRR), mass burning rate, geometric view factors, and atmospheric transmissivity are evaluated for practical scenarios like LPG and gasoline tank fires. The analytical results are then utilized to recommend comprehensive fire mitigation strategies. These encompass passive fire protection measures, such as structural fire insulation and fire partitions, and active suppression systems, including Rim Seal Fire Protection, Medium Velocity Water Spray (MVWS), High Velocity Long Range (HVLR) monitors, and foam systems. Ultimately, this research provides a vital framework for optimizing facility layout, improving emergency response planning, and mitigating the catastrophic impacts of hydrocarbon pool fires
Anubhav Kumar, Dr. Neeta Banger, Dr. Madhuri Asati· International Journal of Adv...· 0 citations
The relentless expansion of the Chemical Process Industry (CPI) necessitates the implementation of rigorous and comprehensive safety evaluations. This research manuscript presents an extensive Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) conducted on a major petrochemical refinery, specifically targeting the hazards associated with the storage and processing of highly volatile and toxic substances. Integrating Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), this study establishes a robust methodological framework for assessing industrial risk. A systematic screening process utilizing IPO (Inter Provinciaal Overleg) A-factor and S-factor metrics was deployed to isolate the most severe major accident hazard (MAH) installations, culminating in the selection of pressurized Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Propylene Horton spheres, large-scale Naphtha storage tanks, and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) transfer pipelines. Advanced mathematical consequence modeling was executed, comprising TNT equivalency methods for Vapour Cloud Explosions (VCE), semi-empirical thermodynamic models for Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosions (BLEVE), and the Pasquill-Gifford dispersion model for toxic gas plumes. The consequence analysis revealed that a catastrophic failure of a 1,200 MT LPG Horton sphere generates a fireball 616.3 meters in diameter, emitting lethal horizontal thermal radiation fluxes (109 kW/m²) that extensively impinge upon vulnerable off-site residential boundaries. Furthermore, the synthesis of FTA-derived failure frequencies (3.6E-7 per year for Horton spheres) with local demographic data demonstrated that the societal risk (F-N curve) breaches the universally accepted ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) thresholds. The findings underscore the acute vulnerability of densely populated regions adjacent to legacy pressurized storage facilities. The manuscript concludes by presenting concrete, inherently safer design recommendations, advocating strongly for the phase-out of above-ground spheres in favor of mounded bullet technology, alongside the enhancement of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and stringent land-use zoning.
Devesh Dixit and Dr Neeta Banger· International Journal of Adv...· 0 citations
Hydrogen is widely regarded as a clean energy carrier for decarbonising mobility and stationary power, yet its wide flammability range, low ignition energy and high flame speed make fire and explosion the governing hazards across the supply chain. This study develops and applies a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) framework to estimate, evaluate and control fire and explosion risks for seven representative objects spanning the hydrogen energy cycle: a solar hydrogen production plant, a liquid-hydrogen (LH2) depot, a fuelling station, an on-board vehicle tank, a fuel-cell combined heat and power (CHP) unit, a road tanker and a gaseous-hydrogen (GH2) pipeline. Accident scenarios were identified using HAZOP and FMEA. Event frequencies were derived from a combined fault-tree and event-tree analysis (FTA/ETA) with lognormal basic-event data propagated through 10,000 Monte-Carlo trials, while road-transport and pipeline frequencies were obtained from historical accident statistics. Physical consequences—dispersion, jet fire, pool fire, fireball, flash fire and vapour-cloud explosion—were simulated with PHAST Professional v6.4 (DNV) and converted to fatality levels using thermal-radiation and overpressure probit relations. Individual and societal (F-N) risks were benchmarked against the ALARP/ALARA acceptance criteria and against an equivalent liquefied-petroleum-gas (LPG) study. Continuous releases dominated loss of containment (~94%), with tank overpressure as the leading initiator (~50%); fires accounted for ~60% of outcomes and explosions ~5%. The overall societal risk of the hydrogen cycle was 8.5 × 10−3/year, dominated by the fuelling station (39%) and the on-board vehicle tank (35%). Although individual risks for hydrogen storage exceeded those of LPG, the maximum effect distances and societal risks were consistently smaller, indicating that hydrogen poses a lower public risk than LPG of comparable tank size. The framework identifies critical weak points and prioritised risk-reduction measures for the safe deployment of hydrogen infrastructure
Hardik P. Gadhavi, S. Chourasia, Shaival R. Parikh et al.· International journal of res...· 0 citations
The chemical process industry is indispensable to modern society but involves inherent risks associated with toxic,
flammable, reactive and corrosive substances, high pressures and temperatures, complex process interactions and large
inventories. Although major accidents are relatively infrequent, their consequences may extend beyond the plant boundary
and affect workers, emergency responders, communities, infrastructure and the environment. This review re-examines
chemical-industry safety and security from an integrated process-safety and disaster-risk-management perspective, using
the author's earlier article as its foundation while substantially rewriting and expanding its content. The review covers
hazard identification, HAZOP, What-If analysis, FMEA, fault-tree analysis, Layer of Protection Analysis, quantitative risk
assessment, inherently safer design, management of change, safety instrumented systems, mechanical integrity, human
factors, emergency planning and community preparedness. It also considers natural-hazard-triggered technological
accidents, the Indian regulatory framework and international approaches including OSHA Process Safety Management and
ISO 45001. Recent developments in digitalization, sensors, predictive analytics, digital twins and artificial intelligence are
examined as opportunities for early warning and decision support, together with their cybersecurity and human-factor
implications. The review concludes that effective chemical safety cannot depend on a single safeguard. It requires a
continuously verified system integrating safer design, reliable equipment, competent people, strong safety culture,
emergency preparedness, physical and cyber security, and organizational learning.
Ashok Agarwal· International Journal of Inn...· 0 citations
