Jul 2026· Journal of Internet Services and Applications· 0 citations· 45 references
TL;DR
LoRa-LQE, a link quality estimation scheme specifically designed for mobile environments, outperforms state-of-the-art solutions and achieves packet delivery ratio improvements and energy efficiency improvements, thereby enabling more reliable communication for mobile IoT assets.
Abstract
Smart infrastructures increasingly rely on mobile IoT applications, such as fleet tracking and asset monitoring, which require robust long-range connectivity. Although LoRaWAN is a prominent technology in this context, its standard Adaptive Data Rate mechanism suffers significant performance degradation in dynamic scenarios due to delayed and outdated channel estimation. To address this limitation, this work proposes LoRa-LQE, a link quality estimation scheme specifically designed for mobile environments. By jointly leveraging SNR history and channel stability indicators, the proposed heuristic optimizes the allocation of Spreading Factor and Transmission Power on a per-device basis. Extensive simulations conducted in NS-3 evaluate the approach under varying node densities and mobility profiles. Across the evaluated scenarios, the results show that LoRa-LQE outperforms state-of-the-art solutions, achieving packet delivery ratio improvements of up to 12.1% and energy efficiency improvements of up to 46.6% compared to Mobile ADR, the second-best mobility-aware scheme considered, thereby enabling more reliable communication for mobile IoT assets.
LPWANs, especially LoRaWAN, are commonly employed in large IoT deployments. The Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) scheme enhances LoRaWAN by modifying SF and transmit power. But ADR usually depends only on the device-specific links and does not consider the effects of collisions or the capture effect at the network layer, making it less effective in dense scenarios. The present paper presents a CA-ADR technique to handle collisions in dense LoRaWAN deployments. In contrast to other ADR schemes, CA-ADR is an algorithm running at the network layer. Parameter selection is formulated as a multi-objective optimisation problem, which minimises cost based on multiple criteria, including collision probabilities and energy consumption. The collision evaluation also incorporates a capture-aware model based on signal-to-interference ratio thresholds, enabling a more realistic assessment of packet reception under overlapping transmissions. The proposed approach is evaluated using an NS-3 LoRaWAN simulation framework. First, Baseline, standard ADR, and default CA-ADR are compared for network sizes from 10 to 500 devices with a 300~s transmission period. Then, 144 CA-ADR weight configurations are explored in the dense 500-device scenario. Results show that CA-ADR provides controllable energy--reliability trade-offs. High-reliability configurations achieve more than 99\% Last 4 PDR with an average transmit power between 13.51 and 13.60~dBm over 10 independent random seeds
Amrane Said, Abdallah Zahidi, Noureddine Ennadi et al.· Engineering Research Express· 0 citations
Handover management in LoRaWAN networks is a critical challenge for dynamic IoT applications such as connected vehicles and drones. Existing approaches fail to simultaneously satisfy low latency, active handover with full context transfer, and scalability without modifying end devices. This paper proposes LoRa-PDMM, a hybrid architecture combining local Distribution Servers for fast intra-zone handover and a Central Server for inter-zone coordination, without any modification to existing end devices. Evaluation uses discrete-event simulation (Python/SimPy) with explicit LoRaWAN constraints including 1% duty cycle, Class A RX1/RX2 windows, ALOHA-based channel access with capture effect, and configurable context size, over scenarios from 10 to 100 mobile nodes with Random Waypoint and Gauss-Markov mobility. LoRa-PDMM reduces server-side handover latency by 54.7% and total latency by 23.2% over a centralized active handover baseline, with packet delivery ratio between 86.1% and 98.6% under nominal conditions. The latency reduction targets the server-side processing component, which is the architectural variable LoRa-PDMM directly controls; the Class A downlink window wait is a LoRaWAN protocol constraint common to all approaches.
Djièta Ouindé Abdoul Fatas Bamogo, Bernard Armel Sanou, Pasteur Poda· International Conference on...· 0 citations
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems are increasingly deployed in heavy industrial facilities to support real-time monitoring, automation, and safety-critical operations. Long-range low-power communication technologies such as LoRaWAN are widely used for large-scale sensor connectivity due to their long communication range and energy efficiency. However, dense industrial deployments may experience reduced communication reliability due to network congestion, packet collisions, and challenging propagation conditions caused by metallic infrastructure and electromagnetic interference. To address these limitations, this paper proposes RSrSF-LoRa, an integrated implementation of the reserved spreading factor (rSF) mechanism within the RS-LoRa framework (lightweight scheduling), designed to improve reliability for critical traffic. The study presents a comparative performance evaluation of RSrSF-LoRa and LoRaWAN in a smelter IIoT deployment, assessing packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, fairness, energy consumption and scalability under varying node densities and gateway configurations. Single-gateway scenarios with 100, 500, and 1000 nodes, and seven-gateway scenarios with 1000 and 2100 nodes, are evaluated as communication distances increase. The results indicate that while throughput and fairness remain comparable across approaches, RSrSF-LoRa improves alarm message reliability in dense single-gateway deployments, extending the acceptable PDR from 700 m to 900 m. Alarm nodes in RSrSF-LoRa consume slightly more energy due to reserved transmission, but overall energy consumption remains comparable. These findings provide design insights for reliable and energy-aware industrial IoT networks in smelter environments.
Sonile K. Musonda, Musa Ndiaye, Zilole Simate et al.· Italian National Conference...· 0 citations
The Enhanced RDAP (e-RDAP), a multi-criteria association policy that combines RSSI, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and communication delay with an adaptive deployment strategy is introduced, indicating that QoS-aware multi-criteria association provides additional gains beyond load-aware association alone.
Lucas Baptista de Moraes, N. Fernandes, Fernanda G. O. Passos et al.· Annals of Telecommunications· 0 citations
Conventional LTE-to-5G NR Non-Standalone (NSA) planning remains predominantly coverage-oriented and often fails to capture user-experienced throughput degradation under realistic traffic conditions. This limitation is critical in NSA architectures, where LTE acts as the anchor layer for control and mobility while 5G NR provides additional capacity. This study proposes a measurement-driven, throughput-centric spatial framework to identify LTE Capacity Bottleneck Zones (CBZ) as a basis for more realistic LTE-to-5G NR NSA deployment planning. The main novelty is the integration of a KPI-weighted RF Index with Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), DBSCAN spatial clustering, and fuzzy spatial zoning to generate throughput-aware capacity maps rather than purely coverage-based assessments. Drive-test measurements were conducted in Lubuk Alung District, Indonesia, under live LTE network conditions, yielding 8,355 radio KPI samples (RSRP, SINR) and 25,613 HTTP downlink throughput samples with geolocation. Statistical analysis using Pearson/Spearman correlation, polynomial regression, and Random Forest regression reveals consistently weak relationships between RSRP/SINR and throughput, indicating that radio-layer indicators alone provide limited explanatory power for user-experienced performance. The proposed framework classifies the study area into three spatial zones: LTE Stability Zone (28.99%), LTE Degradation Zone (63.02%), and LTE Capacity Bottleneck Zone (7.99%), where CBZs are characterized by acceptable radio conditions but localized throughput degradation. These findings enable a shift from coverage-centric evaluation toward targeted, throughput-aware capacity optimization for LTE-to-5G NR NSA deployment planning
Afrizal Yuhanef, Muhammad Putra Pamungkas, Herry Setiawan et al.· SinkrOn· 0 citations
The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly transforming industries, cities, and homes by connecting billions of devices across the globe. As an enabler, Long Range (LoRa) radio has played a key role in ensuring this connectivity. Network topology selection in LoRa systems is crucial for optimizing performance based on specific application requirements. This study presents a comparative analysis of four distinct LoRa network topologies: simple point-to-point, linear routing, augmented linear routing, and full mesh. Each topology is evaluated for communication patterns, energy efficiency, scalability, and practical deployment suitability. All experiments are conducted under a standardised benchmark protocol with repeated trials; results are reported with mean values and standard deviations for Message Delivery Ratio (MDR) and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). Real-world field testing on the Dhirubhai Ambani University (Formerly DAIICT) campus validates performance across both indoor and outdoor environments. Security considerations relevant to mesh IoT deployments are also discussed. The findings provide practical guidance for topology selection in smart meter monitoring and broader IoT deployments.
Richa Devaliya, Riya Devaliya, Abhishek Jindal· International Conference on...· 0 citations