2026· International journal of research and innovation in social science· Vol 10, pp. 20579-20590· 0 citations
TL;DR
AI chatbots may support confidence by allowing users to ask questions, explore ideas, and express emotions without the same pressure they may feel in face-to-face situations, as the use of AI chatbots also creates concerns about reduced human interaction.
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has become an increasingly common part of everyday life, especially through the use of AI chatbots. These systems are designed to communicate with users through natural language, answer questions, provide suggestions, and provide support in educational, emotional, and social contexts. As AI chatbots become more human-like in their responses, users may begin to interact with them not only as digital tools but also as social companions. Phang et al. (2025) explain that the conversational style of systems such as ChatGPT, including their “ability to simulate human-like interactions,” can lead users to personify or anthropomorphize them. This development is important to study because young people are still developing their confidence, communication skills, and social identity.
One possible benefit of AI chatbot usage is that it may help youths build confidence in communication. Some young people may feel shy, anxious, or afraid of being judged when speaking to teachers, classmates, parents, or peers. In this situation, chatbots may provide a safer and less intimidating space for them to practise expressing their thoughts. Suriano, Fabio, zand Plebe (2025) note that chatbot interaction can offer “interaction without judgment and without social pressures,” which may reduce anxiety and create a more comfortable communication environment. This suggests that AI chatbots may support confidence by allowing users to ask questions, explore ideas, and express emotions without the same pressure they may feel in face-to-face situations.
However, the use of AI chatbots also creates concerns about reduced human interaction. Human communication involves body language, tone of voice, empathy, disagreement, emotional awareness, and unpredictable responses. These elements are important in developing real-world confidence and social skills. Malfacini (2025) identifies two major concerns regarding companion AI: the “replacement concern” and the “deskilling concern”. The replacement concern refers to the possibility that AI may satisfy users’ social and emotional needs to the point that it replaces human relationships. The deskilling concern refers to the possibility that people may become less prepared for real relationships because AI interactions often require less emotional effort than human relationships.
This study concludes that the evolution of human–AI communication represents the emergence of new digital communication practices that expand the role of AI from a mere technological tool to an agent participating in users’ communication experiences.
Faza An’imah, Fitriana Ulya, Luluk Ridotuljana et al.· International journal of res...· 0 citations
The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly transformed the landscape of intelligent human–AI interaction. Among these developments, ChatGPT has emerged as a widely adopted conversational artificial intelligence system capable of supporting knowledge acquisition, content generation, programming assistance, educational tutoring, healthcare communication, and scientific writing. Its ability to understand natural language, generate context-aware responses, and perform diverse reasoning tasks has positioned it as a representative model of next-generation human-centered AI. Despite these advantages, concerns regarding factual reliability, hallucination, transparency, ethical responsibility, privacy, and evaluation consistency continue to challenge its widespread adoption. ChatGPT for Intelligent Human–AI Interaction: Opportunities and Limitations provides a comprehensive review of the technological foundations, capabilities, applications, and constraints associated with ChatGPT, emphasizing its role in enabling intelligent human–AI collaboration (Aczel & Wagenmakers, 2023). The study adopts a qualitative review methodology based exclusively on twelve selected scholarly references related to chatbot technology, large language models, transparency, reasoning evaluation, academic writing, healthcare applications, multilingual performance, and AI limitations. Comparative synthesis reveals that ChatGPT demonstrates remarkable versatility across multiple domains while simultaneously exhibiting persistent challenges related to hallucination, explainability, domain-specific accuracy, and responsible deployment. The review further identifies research gaps involving transparency frameworks, evaluation methodologies, and human-centered governance mechanisms. The findings suggest that future conversational AI systems should integrate explainable reasoning, improved factual verification, multimodal intelligence, and ethical safeguards to maximize trustworthy human–AI interaction. ChatGPT for Intelligent Human–AI Interaction: Opportunities and Limitations therefore contributes a structured academic synthesis that supports researchers, practitioners, educators, and policymakers in understanding both the opportunities and limitations associated with modern conversational AI technologies (Aczel & Wagenmakers, 2023).
Dennis Morel, Decrouy Laurent· International Bulletin of Ap...· 0 citations
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education has undergone significant developments in recent years. Tools like ChatGPT are currently used in educational contexts, either as an assistant to teachers generating didactic material, or as a virtual tutor for students, to answer questions and facilitate collaboration. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the benefits and risks of the use of AIs based on the opinion of conversational AI chatbots themselves. Three interviews were held with conversational AIs: ChatGPT, Google Gemini and LLaMA. Twenty categories were identified from the four dimensions developed in the interviews, with 713 citations in total. The Learning Resources, Advantages and Learning Benefits categories stand out. ChatGPT is prominent in terms of the resources available for learning and teaching, as well as the benefits that teachers and students find in its application, awareness of the risks and challenges they face in education in order to make appropriate use of large language models (LLMs). On the other hand, Gemini stands out in identifying the use and strategies of appropriate use and the ethical considerations that educational agents must consider regarding the use of AI in education. Finally, LLaMA response stands out for the resources, benefits, advantages and challenges for learning. In conclusion, the responses generated by the models indicate the possibilities of their use in education and the risks and challenges faced in this field. Therefore, conversational AIs have great potential and impact in education, but it must be up to teachers and students to promote ethical and appropriate use for the experience to be positive and beneficial in education.
Unknown authors· Journal of Technology and Sc...· 0 citations
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT are increasingly integrated into many realms of society and everyday life, generating both promise and concern. This underscores the need to examine how they are represented on social media, where their meanings, uses, and implications are publicly negotiated. Drawing on a snapshot of top results returned by TikTok's algorithmic ranking system, we examined 4458 TikTok videos with English-language descriptions related to ChatGPT, combining topic modeling with interpretive multimodal content analysis. We identified six overarching themes ranging from informational content, including tutorials and sociotechnological discussions, to entertainment-oriented content such as playful interactions with AI and memes. Multimodal analysis showed that creators blend visual, aural, and textual resources in distinct ways to construct meanings and assessments across themes. Engagement analyses revealed that entertainment-oriented content attracted higher interaction than informational content, although informational content was more prevalent. With a focus on TikTok, this research illustrates how public communication about emerging technologies is shaped through platform-specific multimodal conventions and engagement dynamics. The findings provide insights for stakeholders who seek to promote responsible AI communication on video-sharing platforms where algorithms shape which content is prioritized.
Xiran Liu, Mike S. Schäfer· Emerging Media· 1 citation
Empirical research into these higher education chatbots has largely focused on how chatbots are used in two domains: 1) helping students through the enrollment management (ex: admissions, financial aid, housing) process and 2) providing instructor support to enhance student learning in a curricular context. This study reports on structured human-computer interactions with higher education chatbots to explore whether these chatbots were programmed to provide financial counseling to college students. During our structured interactions with chatbots, we learned that many systems marked as AI chatbots fell short of adaptive, generative capabilities which are the essence of AI systems (Regulations (EU) 2024/1689, Art. 3(1)). Specifically, we identified five points along the capability spectrum of generating responses: 1) chatbots were often “offline” during business hours, rendering them non-functional; 2) chatbots were fillable forms, thus functioning like emails; 3) chatbots were decision trees and not large language models, thus functioning like search engines and lacking adaptive response generation; 4) chatbots were actually chat applications staffed by human agents without disclosure of their non-automation; and 5) artificial intelligence chatbots were not overly intelligent in its responses to our queries. We address the implications of these findings for both research and communication ethics, sustainability, and institutional efficiency.
Richard Simonds, Z. Taylor, Sara Ray· Journal of Ethics and Emergi...· 0 citations
An exploratory account of how AI use is embedded within broader emotional and relational dynamics, pointing to the need to consider AI engagement within the contexts in which social interaction is managed.
Nurashikin Salim, Ayşe Şafak, Merve Güçlü Aydoğan· Current Psychology· 0 citations