The architecture supports partial-availability operation when individual services fail, portability between on-premises and cloud infrastructure, phased deployment within tight budgets, and the absence of vendor lock-in due to the open-source stack.
Abstract
Background. Small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine operate under two simultaneous pressures: a prolonged martial law with strikes on energy infrastructure, and the need for digital transformation to remain competitive. Existing ERP and CRM systems assume stable infrastructure and large implementation budgets and are poorly suited to partial-availability operation, fast migration between on-premises and cloud environments, and phased deployment within tight budgets. This creates a need for architectural solutions for the class of small multi-channel retail-service businesses.
Objective. The paper aims to develop the architecture and algorithms of a modular digital automation system for the multi-channel retail-service small business class under martial law conditions, and to propose a verification and validation methodology for the microservice implementation of its components.
Methods. The architecture follows the principle of one microservice per business function and distributes responsibilities among nine services. Service interactions go through standardised APIs (REST, gRPC) and asynchronous messaging (RabbitMQ). The verification and validation methodology covers unit, contract, integration, end-to-end, and chaos testing. Validation was carried out on four enterprise types: retail with service support, e-commerce, food service with catering, and a full production-and-sales model.
Results. The architecture supports partial-availability operation when individual services fail, portability between on-premises and cloud infrastructure, phased deployment within tight budgets, and the absence of vendor lock-in due to the open-source stack. The proposed verification and validation methodology covers five testing levels and ties each architectural concern to a specific check type.
Conclusions. The modular microservice architecture is suitable for the class of multi-channel retail-service small businesses operating under unstable infrastructure conditions. Further work covers the collection of quantitative operational metrics and the integration of machine-learning-based forecasting modules.
In the context of rapid digitalisation and a high level of heterogeneity of contemporary corporate ecosystems, the problem of fragmentation of the information space, and the emergence of isolated data warehouses becomes a critical barrier to business efficiency. The purpose of the study was to develop and substantiate a comprehensive methodology for automating business processes of an enterprise based on the application programming interface – integration of the application programming interface, combining the choice of optimal architectural patterns with mechanisms for secure data exchange. To achieve this goal, the researchers applied system analysis of architectural styles, prototyping of software gateways in Python, and computer modelling of load scenarios in an isolated virtual environment using Docker containers and the Locust tool. The study involved a comparative analysis of the Representational State Transfer, Simple Object Access Protocol, and Graph Query Language protocols in terms of performance and network load, which revealed significant traffic overhead and delays of up to 185 ms when using outdated standards. A hybrid integration methodology was proposed that combines the Representation State Transfer architecture for mobile clients and Graph Query Language for web interfaces, which reduced the amount of transmitted data by 73% and reduced the system response time to 65 ms. A secure data exchange algorithm has been developed based on the use of an intermediate layer (middleware) and a security gateway (API Gateway), which implement two-level request validation and centralised access control to neutralise the risks of unauthorised interference. The expediency of using the "Strangler Fig" migration pattern was substantiated, which allowed for a gradual transition from monolithic enterprise resource planning systems to microservice architecture through a specialised Python gateway without stopping operational activities. It has been experimentally proven that the introduction of asynchronous message queues allows the system to maintain stable operation within 320 ms even at peak loads of up to 5,000 requests per second, in contrast to monolithic solutions that demonstrate exponential performance degradation
Dmytro Zahorulko· Information Technology and C...· 0 citations
This paper analyzes the two software architectural approaches namely Monolithic Architecture vs Microservices Architecture when considering scalable software development, and puts the following into consideration: empirical trade-offs, scalability consideration, organizational implications, and development complexity.
Theophilus Bamise Ajala, A. Oduroye, I. Ayoade et al.· Asian journal of applied sci...· 0 citations
The article examines the prerequisites for creating and implementing business
process automation systems at information technology (IT) enterprises. The evolution
of IT infrastructure management approaches from a resource-based model to a serviceoriented
concept (ITSM) based on the ITIL library of best practices is analyzed. The
architectural features of building modern information systems, particularly the clientserver
architecture, as well as tools for modeling business processes and databases
(ERwin, BPwin, PowerDesigner) are investigated. A comparative analysis of current
ServiceDesk/HelpDesk software solutions available on the market (BPM'online
service, ITSM 365, ServiceNow, ITSM InfraManager) is conducted, highlighting their
advantages, disadvantages, and pricing characteristics. The necessity of developing
affordable specialized automation systems for small IT businesses is substantiated.
Oleh Pochanskyi· European Open Science Space· 0 citations
Microservice architecture (MSA) has emerged as a dominant paradigm for designing and deploying distributed software systems, offering granular scalability, independent deployability, and technological heterogeneity at the cost of substantially increased operational complexity. Despite its widespread industry adoption, a coherent formal analytical basis and a generalisable evaluation framework for guiding MSA adoption decisions remain underdeveloped in the academic literature. This review synthesises scholarly research published between 2014 and April 2026 to examine the foundational concepts underpinning MSA, the enabling technologies that make it tractable in practice, and the formal analysis and quality assessment approaches proposed to guide architectural decision-making. The key technologies reviewed include containerisation, container orchestration, service mesh frameworks, application programming interface gateways, event-driven messaging systems, and distributed observability tooling. The review further examines migration strategies from monolithic systems, decomposition methodologies grounded in domain-driven design, and the application of formal verification methods to distributed service systems. A multi-dimensional evaluation framework is proposed, integrating organisational readiness, technical capability, security posture, and quality attribute trade-off analysis to support structured MSA adoption decisions. The review identifies significant gaps regarding standardised readiness assessment tools, empirically validated decomposition criteria, and formal methods applicable at the architectural level — gaps that point towards a pressing need for integrated, evidence-based frameworks capable of guiding practitioners through the complex socio-technical challenges of MSA adoption.
Philomène Mbala Ilunga, Camile Likotelo Binene, Papy Kabadi Lelo Odimba et al.· Asian Journal of Research in...· 0 citations
Construction companies, petrochemical enterprises, and airports are examples of large-scale organizational–technical systems (OTSs) and are characterized by a distributed structure, numerous parallel technological and business processes, and substantial energy consumption. The control of such systems is implemented through hierarchical distributed systems that require the regular collection, synchronization, and analysis of large volumes of heterogeneous data. This paper proposes a methodology for performance analysis and energy consumption optimization in OTSs based on the combined use of hierarchical control, business process modeling in BPMN and DRAKON notations, and the use of snapshots—consistent global states of a distributed system captured at specified time instants. The specifics of snapshot generation algorithms are discussed, including copy-on-write, the Chandy–Lamport algorithm, cloud orchestration, and log-based point-in-time recovery. A snapshot acquisition optimization problem is formulated, which minimizes the deviation of the captured state from the actual state under constraints on frequency, synchronization delay, and cost. The feasibility of the approach is illustrated by a numerical example of energy redistribution between the levels of a hierarchical control system using distributed model predictive control (DMPC). The advantages of the method include obtaining an objective “as is” picture, the applicability of control-theoretic methods for distributed systems based on big data processing, the ability to localize faulty subsystems, and its utility in assessing a company’s condition for stakeholders.
S. Valeev, N. Kondratyeva· Big Data and Cognitive Compu...· 0 citations
Results indicate that organizations adopting microservices design on Kubernetes can achieve higher deployment frequency, better resiliency, improved resource utilization and greater agility to respond to evolving market needs.
Srichandra Boosa· American International Journ...· 0 citations