TIER: Threat Implicitness Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Safety Behaviors
Thu-Hien Trinh-ThiHai-Yen VongThanh-Ha Ung-DungTram Ho
Sep 2026
Artificial IntelligenceCybersecurity
Abstract
Current LLM safety benchmarks largely rely on binary metrics, overlooking how models respond to harmful prompts with varying threat implicitness. We introduce TIER, a Threat Implicitness Benchmark for behavioral safety evaluation of LLMs. TIER covers four risk domains and four threat levels, from explicit harmful requests to sophisticated jailbreaks. Responses are assessed using a six-label behavior scale and two independent LLM judges. Experiments on six open-weight LLMs show that safety behaviors evolve gradually across threat levels rather than shifting directly from refusal to compliance. Contextual prompts yield the most diverse behaviors, while jailbreaks reveal the largest robustness gaps. Furthermore, models with similar Attack Success Rates can exhibit distinct response distributions, highlighting the need for behavior-aware LLM safety evaluation.
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