Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Diabetic Kidney Disease and Its Association With Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes: Evidence From a Chinese Multicentre Cohort

Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a major microvascular complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progression to end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD). DKD exhibits substantial clinical heterogeneity, ranging from the classic proteinuric phenotype to the increasingly recognised nonproteinuric phenotype. However, cardiovascular, kidney and all‐cause mortality risks across these phenotypes remain incompletely characterised.