Jun 2026· Journal· pp. 95· 0 citations· 21 references
Abstract
The study examined the determinants of livelihood outcomes among rural households residing in forest reserves in Ondo State, Nigeria. Socio-economic characteristics, the livelihood outcomes and relationship to household well-being, as well as the effect of access to the land on livelihood performance were critically assessed in this study. A total of 216 respondents were selected from mangrove/freshwater swamp ecological zone forests of the state using multistage sampling techniques. A structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, and interviews of key informants were used to gather data, which were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result revealed the respondents' mean age to be 43.2 years, the household size to be approximately 6, and a mean annual income of ₦312,400. The livelihood outcome index of the respondents came out with a mean lower than expected value, representing a very low livelihood outcome despite the overreliance on the forest resources. Due to the nature of the zone, the food availability recorded a high mean index of 63.5%, while other indicators used to operationalize food security recorded a low mean index. The regression result revealed that some of the socio-characteristics, such as level of education, income, age, primary occupation, and indigenous status, have positive implications on livelihood outcomes of the respondents in the study area. By implication, the study concluded that the livelihood outcome generally depended on socio-economic abilities, and availability of resources alone does not guarantee food security. Therefore, improving households’ well-being is a function of numerous factors in the study area.
Aims: This study compared the socio-economic characteristics, livelihood capital assets, livelihood strategies, and livelihood outcomes of sandbar and non-sandbar farmers in the char areas of northern Bangladesh.
Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Kaunia Upazila of Rangpur District, Bangladesh. Data were collected from October to December 2024.
Methodology: A total of 247 farmers, including 195 sandbar farmers and 52 non-sandbar farmers, were selected using stratified random sampling. Quantitative data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, complemented by focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Livelihood conditions were assessed using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. Descriptive statistics and independent-samples t-tests were used for data analysis.
Results: Sandbar farmers had significantly higher annual household income (BDT 529.47 ± 350.74 thousand), farm size (0.91 ± 1.10 ha), farming knowledge (28.09 ± 5.47), and social participation (12.63 ± 2.60) than non-sandbar farmers (P < 0.05). Human capital (P = 0.026) and social capital (P = 0.003) were also significantly higher among sandbar farmers, whereas natural, physical, and financial capital did not differ significantly. Resource-use typology showed that 99.2% of respondents depended primarily on natural resource-based livelihoods and 86.6% practised diversified livelihood strategies, with greater diversification among sandbar farmers. Although sandbar farmers recorded higher mean food security and environmental sustainability scores and a larger proportion of households in the high food security and high sustainability categories, these differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.161 and P = 0.109, respectively).
Conclusion: Compared with non-sandbar farmers, sandbar farmers demonstrated stronger livelihood assets. However, because this cross-sectional study identifies associations rather than causal effects, the findings should be interpreted cautiously. Strengthening extension services, technical support, access to quality inputs, credit, and market linkages may facilitate wider adoption of sandbar farming in the char areas of Bangladesh.
Suraia Akhter, M. H. Rahman, M. G. Farouque et al.· Asian Journal of Agricultura...· 0 citations
Agricultural subsidy programs and agricultural input support initiatives are seen effective in transforming rural livelihoods, particularly among the indigenous and marginalized households. Using a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive research design this study examines the efficiency of agricultural input support on indigenous livelihoods in Raksirang Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District, Bagmati Province, Nepal. Agricultural input support has made a positive contribution to the improvement of households, although the change in income is not uniform across households. Primary data was collected in 2025, with the sample of 180 households from the population of 330 households using stratified random sampling method. Where necessary, secondary data and information are from published journal articles, other literary articles and knowledge documents available in the sector. Almost 50% of the households gained income with the average income of Nepalese Rupees 12216.77 and 36% of households reported increase in annual income within the timeframe of 6 to 24 months of receipt of agricultural inputs. Larger proportion of households experienced improved food security, health and nutrition benefits and reduced household expenditure though they did not realize increase in annual income through agricultural products. Income from the sale of agricultural products was used for family livelihood, health, education with some reinvestment in agribusiness expansion and loan repayment, which indicates the shift towards livelihood diversification or creating alternative option of livelihood enhancement. The study is significant to understand the efficiency and effect of small scale external agricultural input support on family income, expenditure patterns and economic resilience reducing vulnerabilities.
Pravin Bastola· International Research Journ...· 0 citations
In Rwanda, particularly in Nyaruguru District, many rural households continue to rely heavily on forest resources due to poverty, limited livelihood opportunities, and inadequate access to alternative energy sources. This increasing dependence contributes to pressure on forest ecosystems and challenges sustainable forest management efforts. The study aimed to assess the level of household dependence on forest resources and identify the socio-economic, environmental, and institutional factors influencing this dependence in Nyaruguru District. A cross-sectional study design was employed, and primary data were collected from 398 households and key informants using structured questionnaires and interviews. The findings showed that forest resources were widely used for household energy, construction materials, food, medicinal purposes, and income generation. About 35.7% of households used forest products daily, while 24.1% used them two to three times per week. Energy needs were the main reason for dependence, reported by 91% of households. Forest resources also contributed significantly to household livelihoods, with 33.7% of households obtaining between 10% and 25% of their income from forest products, and 16.1% earning more than half of their household income from forest-related activities. The study further revealed that larger household size, lower education levels, low household income, proximity to forests, and limited access to alternative energy sources increased dependence on forest resources. Institutional factors such as limited awareness of forest conservation policies and low participation in community forest management systems also influenced household reliance on forests. The study concluded that household dependence on forest resources in Nyaruguru District is driven by interconnected socio-economic, environmental, and institutional factors. The findings emphasize the need to promote affordable alternative energy sources, strengthen community-based forest management, improve environmental awareness, and support income-generating activities that reduce pressure on forest resources while enhancing sustainable livelihoods.
Ntezimana Mukunzi Clement, I. Areo, Sibomana Didier· International Journal of Lif...· 0 citations
This study examined the contribution of Doma Dam to the livelihoods of people in Doma Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the contribution of the dam to agricultural production. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and data were collected from 368 household heads selected from Rutu, Alagye, Ohina Mada, and Yelwa Ediya communities surrounding Doma Dam using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents were farmers (52%) and within the economically active age group (31–40 years). The study further found that Doma Dam has significantly enhanced agricultural production by providing irrigation water (81%), supporting dry-season farming (82%), improving access to water for farming (85%), increasing crop yields (69%), enhancing food production (69%), improving household income (69%), and supporting livestock production (83%). The study recommends that local communities should strengthen community-based management of the dam's resources, while the government should improve the maintenance of the dam and provide agricultural support services to maximize its socio-economic benefits.
ABDULLAHI YUSUF AGWAI, FALALU MUHAMMAD MUHAMMAD, YUSUF AMINA TANKO· International Journal of Agr...· 0 citations
This study assessed livelihood security among diversified farmers across three agricultural settings in northern Bangladesh. A total of 348 households were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected through structured interviews and analysed using means, frequencies, percentages, chi-square tests, and analysis of variance. Livelihood security was measured across seven components comprising 35 items, assessed on a three-point continuum. The results revealed notable regional variation in livelihood security. Upland farmers scored highest in terms of habitat ( = 8.67), education ( = 7.57), health ( = 7.98), and environmental security ( = 8.90); Charland farmers presented relatively greater financial ( = 7.56) and social security ( = 7.71); and Barind Tract farmers showed relatively higher food security ( = 8.64). Overall, most farmers (85%) exhibited low to moderate livelihood security. Results revealed a significant association (χ² = 10.74*) between agricultural situations and livelihood security. It further showed a significant difference (F = 4.334*) in mean scores, with Upland farmers achieving the highest overall mean score (46.75). The study concludes that agricultural situations significantly influence livelihood security among diversified farmers. It recommends context-specific, targeted policy interventions to address region-specific needs and improve overall livelihood security in northern Bangladesh.
Md. Mamunur Rashid, Md. Sadekur Rahman, Md Abu Sayed Mondol et al.· Journal of Agricultural Exte...· 0 citations
This study assessed the Effect of IFAD-Community-Based Agricultural and Rural Development
Programme in Rural Women’s Income in Taraba State, Nigeria. on income generation and
livelihood diversification among rural women in Taraba State, Nigeria. A total of 343
respondents were selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure across IFAD-CBARDP
intervention areas. Data were collected through structured questionnaire and analysed using
descriptive statistics (frequencies, mean and percentages). Major findings revealed that 72%
of respondents had no formal education, while 65% were married and engaged primarily in
farming and petty trading. On income-generating activities, 74.6% of the women engaged in
poultry farming, 63.3% in petty trading, and 55.7% in food processing of the respondents
engaged in two or more such crop farming 40.8%. Livestock rearing 24.8%, agro-processing
11.7% and trading 8.2% livelihood activities. Regarding household income, 76.4%
experienced a positive shift from low to moderate or high-income levels after program
participation. Major challenges included lack of access to credit (71.2%), poor market access
(65.3%), and inadequate training (58.9%). The study concluded that IFADCBARDP
significantly increased rural women’s income and promoted livelihood diversification. It is
therefore recommended that stakeholders should strengthen rural women’s access to
affordable credit in order to encourage livelihood diversification among rural women
Sadiq Usman Abubakar· IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL...· 0 citations
